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      Wolbachia, una pandemia con posibilidades Translated title: Wolbachia, a pandemic with potential

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          Abstract

          La infección causada por Wolbachia es la más extendida entre los animales. La capacidad de esta bacteria para manipular la reproducción de sus hospedadores la posicionan en el centro de la biología de los organismos, influyendo en procesos tan capitales como la determinación del sexo, el ciclo celular, la formación y extinción de especies y el comportamiento de artrópodos entre los que se cuentan varias plagas y vectores de enfermedades. Cualidades tales como la herencia vertical de Wolbachia, la velocidad a la que se propaga en las poblaciones que afecta, la capacidad de bloquear la actividad patogénica de diversos microorganismos o de acortar el ciclo de vida de sus hospedadores la señalan como un potencial instrumento para el control de poblaciones de insectos y nematodos perjudiciales. ¿Cuáles son las posibilidades que nos ofrece esta pandemia? En la presente contribución se presenta una revisión de los aspectos fundamentales de esta infección y sus implicancias prácticas para el manejo de insectos plaga. Esta revisión está basada en el simposio del mismo nombre acontecido en el VIII Congreso Argentino de Entomología.

          Translated abstract

          Wolbachia infection is the most widespread in animals. Its ability to manipulate insect reproduction places it at the center of organismal biology, affecting such important processes like sex determination, cell cycle, generation and extinction of species and behaviour of arthropods, including several pest and disease vector insects. Attributes like vertical transmission, the speed at which it drives in the population, the ability to block the pathogenic activity of several microorganisms and the ability to shorten the lifespan of its host point to this bacterium as a potential tool to control harmful insects and nematodes. What are the possibilities offered by this pandemic? In the present work a detailed and updated review of the main aspects of this infection is presented, as well as the practical implications for managing pest and disease vector insects and nematodes. This review is based on the symposium of the same title held in the VIII Argentinean Meeting of Entomology.

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          Wolbachia: master manipulators of invertebrate biology.

          Wolbachia are common intracellular bacteria that are found in arthropods and nematodes. These alphaproteobacteria endosymbionts are transmitted vertically through host eggs and alter host biology in diverse ways, including the induction of reproductive manipulations, such as feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing and sperm-egg incompatibility. They can also move horizontally across species boundaries, resulting in a widespread and global distribution in diverse invertebrate hosts. Here, we review the basic biology of Wolbachia, with emphasis on recent advances in our understanding of these fascinating endosymbionts.
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            Wolbachia as a bacteriocyte-associated nutritional mutualist.

            Many insects are dependent on bacterial symbionts that provide essential nutrients (ex. aphid-Buchnera and tsetse-Wiglesworthia associations), wherein the symbionts are harbored in specific cells called bacteriocytes that constitute a symbiotic organ bacteriome. Facultative and parasitic bacterial symbionts like Wolbachia have been regarded as evolutionarily distinct from such obligate nutritional mutualists. However, we discovered that, in the bedbug Cimex lectularius, Wolbachia resides in a bacteriome and appears to be an obligate nutritional mutualist. Two bacterial symbionts, a Wolbachia strain and an unnamed gamma-proteobacterium, were identified from different strains of the bedbug. The Wolbachia symbiont was detected from all of the insects examined whereas the gamma-proteobacterium was found in a part of them. The Wolbachia symbiont was specifically localized in the bacteriomes and vertically transmitted via the somatic stem cell niche of germalia to oocytes, infecting the incipient symbiotic organ at an early stage of the embryogenesis. Elimination of the Wolbachia symbiont resulted in retarded growth and sterility of the host insect. These deficiencies were rescued by oral supplementation of B vitamins, confirming the essential nutritional role of the symbiont for the host. The estimated genome size of the Wolbachia symbiont was around 1.3 Mb, which was almost equivalent to the genome sizes of parasitic Wolbachia strains of other insects. These results indicate that bacteriocyte-associated nutritional mutualism can evolve from facultative and prevalent microbial associates like Wolbachia, highlighting a previously unknown aspect of the parasitism-mutualism evolutionary continuum.
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              Widespread lateral gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes.

              Although common among bacteria, lateral gene transfer-the movement of genes between distantly related organisms-is thought to occur only rarely between bacteria and multicellular eukaryotes. However, the presence of endosymbionts, such as Wolbachia pipientis, within some eukaryotic germlines may facilitate bacterial gene transfers to eukaryotic host genomes. We therefore examined host genomes for evidence of gene transfer events from Wolbachia bacteria to their hosts. We found and confirmed transfers into the genomes of four insect and four nematode species that range from nearly the entire Wolbachia genome (>1 megabase) to short (<500 base pairs) insertions. Potential Wolbachia-to-host transfers were also detected computationally in three additional sequenced insect genomes. We also show that some of these inserted Wolbachia genes are transcribed within eukaryotic cells lacking endosymbionts. Therefore, heritable lateral gene transfer occurs into eukaryotic hosts from their prokaryote symbionts, potentially providing a mechanism for acquisition of new genes and functions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rsea
                Revista de la Sociedad Entomológica Argentina
                Rev. Soc. Entomol. Argent.
                Sociedad Entomológica Argentina (La Plata, Mendoza, Argentina )
                0373-5680
                1851-7471
                December 2013
                : 72
                : 3-4
                : 117-137
                Affiliations
                [01] Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA) orgdiv2Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Argentina
                Article
                S0373-56802013000200001 S0373-5680(13)07200300001
                339168e1-c156-4a76-8986-1f27d4c3354a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 165, Pages: 21
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                SciELO Argentina

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                Incompatible Insect Technique,Wolbachia,Pandemia,Transferencia horizontal,Técnica del insecto incompatible,Incompatibilidad citoplasmática,Partenogénesis telitóquica,Feminización,Androcidio,Parásito reproductivo,Pandemic,Horizontal Transfer,Cytoplasmic Incompatibility,Thelytokous Parthenogenesis,Feminization,Male Killing,Reproductive Parasite

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