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      Functional herbal food ingredients used in type 2 diabetes mellitus

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          Abstract

          From many reports it is clear that diabetes will be one of the major diseases in the coming years. As a result there is a rapidly increasing interest in searching new medicines, or even better searching prophylactic methods. Based on a large number of chemical and pharmacological research work, numerous bioactive compounds have been found in functional herbal food ingredients for diabetes. The present paper reviews functional herbal food ingredients with regards to their anti-diabetic active principles and pharmacological test results, which are commonly used in Asian culinary system and medical system and have demonstrated clinical or/and experimental anti-diabetic effectiveness. Our idea of reviewing this article is to give more attention to these functional food ingredients as targets medicinal foods in order to prevent or slow down the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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          Association of depression and diabetes complications: a meta-analysis.

          Jennifer M de Groot, R R Anderson, K Freedland … (2015)
          The objective of this study was to examine the strength and consistency of the relationship between depression and diabetes complications in studies of type 1 and type 2 adult patients with diabetes. MEDLINE and PsycINFO databases were searched for articles examining depression and diabetes complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes samples published between 1975 and 1999. Meta-analytic procedures were used. Studies were reviewed for diabetes type, sample size, statistical tests, and measures of diabetes complications and depression. Significance values, weighted effect sizes r, 95% confidence intervals (CI), and tests of homogeneity of variance were calculated for the overall sample (k = 27) and for subsets of interest. A total of 27 studies (total combined N = 5374) met the inclusion criteria. A significant association was found between depression and complications of diabetes (p < .00001, z = 5.94). A moderate and significant weighted effect size (r = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.22-0.28) was calculated for all studies reporting sufficient data (k = 22). Depression was significantly associated with a variety of diabetes complications (diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, macrovascular complications, and sexual dysfunction). Effect sizes were in the small to moderate range (r = 0.17 to 0.32). These findings demonstrate a significant and consistent association of diabetes complications and depressive symptoms. Prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to identify the pathways that mediate this association.
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            Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): a review.

            Julie S Jurenka (2008)
            The pomegranate, Punica granatum L., is an ancient, mystical, unique fruit borne on a small, long-living tree cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region, as far north as the Himalayas, in Southeast Asia, and in California and Arizona in the United States. In addition to its ancient historical uses, pomegranate is used in several systems of medicine for a variety of ailments. The synergistic action of the pomegranate constituents appears to be superior to that of single constituents. In the past decade, numerous studies on the antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties of pomegranate constituents have been published, focusing on treatment and prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dental conditions, erectile dysfunction, bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance, and ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage. Other potential applications include infant brain ischemia, male infertility, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, and obesity.
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              Traditional chinese medicine in treatment of metabolic syndrome.

              Jun Yin, Hanjie Zhang, Jianping Ye (2008)
              In management of metabolic syndrome, the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an excellent representative in alternative and complementary medicines with a complete theory system and substantial herb remedies. In this article, basic principle of TCM is introduced and 25 traditional Chinese herbs are reviewed for their potential activities in the treatment of metabolic syndrome. Three herbs, ginseng, rhizoma coptidis (berberine, the major active compound) and bitter melon, were discussed in detail on their therapeutic potentials. Ginseng extracts made from root, rootlet, berry and leaf of Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) and Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng), are proved for anti-hyperglycemia, insulin sensitization, islet protection, anti-obesity and anti-oxidation in many model systems. Energy expenditure is enhanced by ginseng through thermogenesis. Ginseng-specific saponins (ginsenosides) are considered as the major bioactive compounds for the metabolic activities of ginseng. Berberine from rhizoma coptidis is an oral hypoglycemic agent. It also has anti-obesity and anti-dyslipidemia activities. The action mechanism is related to inhibition of mitochondrial function, stimulation of glycolysis, activation of AMPK pathway, suppression of adipogenesis and induction of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor expression. Bitter melon or bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is able to reduce blood glucose and lipids in both normal and diabetic animals. It may also protect beta cells, enhance insulin sensitivity and reduce oxidative stress. Although evidence from animals and humans supports the therapeutic activities of ginseng, berberine and bitter melon, multi-center large-scale clinical trials have not been conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of these herbal medicines.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Pharmacogn Rev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Pharmacogn Rev
                Journal ID (publisher-id): PRev
                Title: Pharmacognosy Reviews
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0973-7847
                ISSN (Electronic): 0976-2787
                Publication date (Print): Jan-Jun 2012
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 11
                Pages: 37-45
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R., China
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Yunman Li, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Mailbox 207 Tongjiaxiang 24, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P. R. China. E-mail: liyunmancpu@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: PRev-6-37
                DOI: 10.4103/0973-7847.95863
                PMC ID: 3358966
                PubMed ID: 22654403
                SO-VID: 33cf0296-5643-4183-80ed-8d82728130af
                Copyright © Copyright: © Pharmacognosy Reviews
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 15 November 2010
                Date revision received : 15 November 2010
                Date accepted : 08 May 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: functional herbal food,type 2 diabetes mellitus,anti-diabetic
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: functional herbal food, type 2 diabetes mellitus, anti-diabetic

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