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      Unerwartete COVID-19-Pneumonie beim MDCT-Re-Staging eines Patienten mit Rektumkarzinom Translated title: Unexpected Chest Findings of COVID-19 on Chest/Abdomen Staging CT for Rectal Cancer

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          Abstract

          Ein 62-jähriger Patient wurde 2019 mit einem Rektumkarzinom im Stadium mrT3 Npos. M1 diagnostiziert. Die Staging-Multidetektorcomputertomographie (MDCT) zeigte damals 8 Metastasen-suspekte Leberläsionen, weshalb zur weiteren Abklärung eine Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) der Leber durchgeführt wurde, die mindestens 15 bilobäre Metastasen in sämtlichen Segmenten zeigte. Nach gemeinsamer Einschätzung einer palliativen Therapiesituation wurde eine Chemotherapie mit FOLFIRI und Cetuximab begonnen, welche nach sechs Monaten in eine Erhaltungstherapie mit 5‑FU und Bevacizumab übergeführt wurde. Nach dem 4. Zyklus der Erhaltungstherapie wurde eine Kontrastmittel-verstärkte MDCT von Thorax und Abdomen durchgeführt. Es zeigte sich onkologisch eine Stable Disease mit größenkonstanten Lebermetastasen (Abb. 1). Neu aufgetreten zeigten sich aber Milchglas-artige Verdichtungen in beiden Lungen, vor allem in den Unterlappen, mit peripherer Betonung. Zum Teil zeigten sich auch Konsolidierungen vor allem im rechten Unterlappen (Abb. 2, Video 1). Die Veränderungen wurden daher als typisch für das Vorliegen einer COVID-19-Pneumonie eingeschätzt. Der Patient war zu diesem Zeitpunkt fieberfrei und klinisch asymptomatisch, und hatte lediglich eine mäßige Erhöhung der Akutphaseparameter. Der reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) Test auf SARS-CoV‑2 am Tag der MDCT-Untersuchung fiel negativ aus. Auch der PCR-Test auf Influenza A/B war negativ. Der Patient wurde daraufhin nach Hause transferiert und angewiesen, sich in 14-tägige Heimquarantäne zu begeben mit der Auflage, sich bei Auftreten von Symptomen jederzeit zu melden. Die Low Dose-CT Kontrolle des Thorax nach 14 Tagen zeigte eine deutliche Rückbildungstendenz der pulmonalen Veränderungen (Abb. 3). Auch der an diesem Tag durchgeführte zweite RT-PCR Test auf SARS-CoV‑2 war negativ. Allerdings zeigte ein Serum-Antikörpertest auf SARS-CoV‑2 deutlich erhöhte IgG-und IgA-Antikörperspiegel, was zusammen mit den radiologischen Lungenveränderungen einen sehr starken Hinweis für eine durchgemachte COVID-19-Infektion ergibt. Der Patient war weiterhin asymptomatisch. Der nächste Zyklus der Chemotherapie konnte daher plangemäß durchgeführt werden. Die Coronavirus-Erkrankung 2019 (COVID-19) hat als von Wuhan, China, ausgehende Pandemie weltweit mittlerweile zu mehr als 4.200.000 Infektionen geführt und mehr als 280.000 Menschenleben gefordert (Stand 11.05.2020) [1]. Klinisch präsentiert sich COVID-19 meist als Viruspneumonie mit Fieber, Husten und Dyspnoe. Die Diagnose von COVID-19 wird mittels RT-PCR aus einem Nasen-Rachenabstrich oder aus dem Sputum gestellt. Allerdings ist die RT-PCR unzuverlässig, mit häufig falsch-negativen Ergebnissen. Bereits früh in der Pandemie zeigten mehrere Studien, dass die Thorax-CT sehr sensitiv ist und typische Zeichen einer Viruspneumonie mit Milchglas-artigen Verdichtungen und Konsolidierungen vor allem in den peripheren Lungenabschnitten zeigt [2–4]. Das Vorliegen von Pleuraergüssen, Perikarderguss oder Lymphadenopathie ist eher untypisch für eine COVID-19-Pneumonie [4]. Früh zeigte sich auch, dass die Thorax-CT der RT-PCR an Sensitivität überlegen ist (CT 98 % vs. RT-PCR 71 %) [5]. In einer retrospektiven Serie von 1014 Patienten mit Verdacht auf COVID-19-Infektion war die RT-PCR in 59 % positiv, die Thorax-CT jedoch in 88 % [6]. Bei Patienten mit negativer RT-PCR, jedoch positiver Thorax-CT wurde das Vorliegen einer COVID-19-Infektion insgesamt jedoch in 48 % als sehr wahrscheinlich und 33 % als wahrscheinlich eingeschätzt [6]. Die Low-Dose Thorax-CT wird deshalb mittlerweile bei Patienten mit klinischem Verdacht, jedoch negativem RT-PCR Test empfohlen, um eine Infektion mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit nachweisen zu können [7]. Die Thorax-CT zeigt auch überraschende Ergebnisse bei asymptomatischen oder oligosymptomatischen Patienten. Eine rezente Studie aus New York, einem der COVID-19-Hot Spots, an 23 Patienten, die wegen abdomineller Beschwerden einer Abdomen-CT-Untersuchung unterzogen wurden [8], zeigte typische CT-Veränderungen in der Lunge in 81 % (bei positiver RT-PCR). Es fanden sich aber auch CT-typische Veränderungen in weiteren 14 % bei negativer RT-PCR [8]. Zusammenfassend ist zu sagen, dass die Low-Dose Nativ-CT des Thorax eine äußerst sensitive Methode ist, um COVID-19-typische Veränderungen der Lunge (im Sinne einer Viruspneumonie) auch bei oligosymptomatischen Patienten und Patienten mit klinischem Verdacht, jedoch negativem RT-PCR Test nachzuweisen. Die Thorax-CT ist daher mittlerweile im diagnostischen Algorithmus zu einer wichtigen Untersuchungsmethode geworden, um eine COVID-19-Infektion zu diagnostizieren, damit frühzeitig entsprechende Isolationsmaßnahmen ergriffen werden können. Caption Electronic Supplementary Material

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          Correlation of Chest CT and RT-PCR Testing in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: A Report of 1014 Cases

          Background Chest CT is used for diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), as an important complement to the reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests. Purpose To investigate the diagnostic value and consistency of chest CT as compared with comparison to RT-PCR assay in COVID-19. Methods From January 6 to February 6, 2020, 1014 patients in Wuhan, China who underwent both chest CT and RT-PCR tests were included. With RT-PCR as reference standard, the performance of chest CT in diagnosing COVID-19 was assessed. Besides, for patients with multiple RT-PCR assays, the dynamic conversion of RT-PCR results (negative to positive, positive to negative, respectively) was analyzed as compared with serial chest CT scans for those with time-interval of 4 days or more. Results Of 1014 patients, 59% (601/1014) had positive RT-PCR results, and 88% (888/1014) had positive chest CT scans. The sensitivity of chest CT in suggesting COVID-19 was 97% (95%CI, 95-98%, 580/601 patients) based on positive RT-PCR results. In patients with negative RT-PCR results, 75% (308/413) had positive chest CT findings; of 308, 48% were considered as highly likely cases, with 33% as probable cases. By analysis of serial RT-PCR assays and CT scans, the mean interval time between the initial negative to positive RT-PCR results was 5.1 ± 1.5 days; the initial positive to subsequent negative RT-PCR result was 6.9 ± 2.3 days). 60% to 93% of cases had initial positive CT consistent with COVID-19 prior (or parallel) to the initial positive RT-PCR results. 42% (24/57) cases showed improvement in follow-up chest CT scans before the RT-PCR results turning negative. Conclusion Chest CT has a high sensitivity for diagnosis of COVID-19. Chest CT may be considered as a primary tool for the current COVID-19 detection in epidemic areas. A translation of this abstract in Farsi is available in the supplement. - ترجمه چکیده این مقاله به فارسی، در ضمیمه موجود است.
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            Sensitivity of Chest CT for COVID-19: Comparison to RT-PCR

            Summary In a series of 51 patients with chest CT and RT-PCR assay performed within 3 days, the sensitivity of CT for COVID-19 infection was 98% compared to RT-PCR sensitivity of 71% (p<.001). Introduction In December 2019, an outbreak of unexplained pneumonia in Wuhan [1] was caused by a new coronavirus infection named COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019). Noncontrast chest CT may be considered for early diagnosis of viral disease, although viral nucleic acid detection using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) remains the standard of reference. Chung et al. reported that chest CT may be negative for viral pneumonia of COVID-19 [2] at initial presentation (3/21 patients). Recently, Xie reported 5/167 (3%) patients who had negative RT-PCR for COVID-19 at initial presentation despite chest CT findings typical of viral pneumonia [3]. The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity of chest CT and viral nucleic acid assay at initial patient presentation. Materials and Methods The retrospective analysis was approved by institutional review board and patient consent was waived. Patients at Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group) Enze Hospital were evaluated from January 19, 2020 to February 4, 2020. During this period, chest CT and RT-PCR (Shanghai ZJ Bio-Tech Co, Ltd, Shanghai, China) was performed for consecutive patients who presented with a history of 1) travel or residential history in Wuhan or local endemic areas or contact with individuals with individuals with fever or respiratory symptoms from these areas within 14 days and 2) had fever or acute respiratory symptoms of unknown cause. In the case of an initial negative RT-PCR test, repeat testing was performed at intervals of 1 day or more. Of these patients, we included all patients who had both noncontrast chest CT scan (slice thickness, 5mm) and RT-PCR testing within an interval of 3 days or less and who had an eventual confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 infection by RT-PCR testing (Figure 1). Typical and atypical chest CT findings were recorded according to CT features previously described for COVD-19 (4,5). The detection rate of COVID-19 infection based on the initial chest CT and RT-PCR was compared. Statistical analysis was performed using McNemar Chi-squared test with significance at the p <.05 level. Figure 1: Flowchart for patient inclusion. Results 51 patients (29 men and 22 women) were included with median age of 45 (interquartile range, 39- 55) years. All patients had throat swab (45 patients) or sputum samples (6 patients) followed by one or more RT-PCR assays. The average time from initial disease onset to CT was 3 +/- 3 days; the average time from initial disease onset to RT-PCR testing was 3 +/- 3 days. 36/51 patients had initial positive RT-PCR for COVID-19. 12/51 patients had COVID-19 confirmed by two RT-PCR nucleic acid tests (1 to 2 days), 2 patients by three tests (2-5 days) and 1 patient by four tests (7 days) after initial onset. 50/51 (98%) patients had evidence of abnormal CT compatible with viral pneumonia at baseline while one patient had a normal CT. Of 50 patients with abnormal CT, 36 (72%) had typical CT manifestations (e.g. peripheral, subpleural ground glass opacities, often in the lower lobes (Figure 2) and 14 (28%) had atypical CT manifestations (Figure 3) [2]. In this patient sample, difference in detection rate for initial CT (50/51 [98%, 95% CI 90-100%]) patients was greater than first RT-PCR (36/51 [71%, 95%CI 56-83%]) patients (p<.001). Figure 2a: Examples of typical chest CT findings compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with epidemiological and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. A, male, 74 years old with fever and cough for 5 days. Axial chest CT shows bilateral subpleural ground glass opacities (GGO). B, female, 55 years old, with fever and cough for 7 days. Axial chest CT shows extensive bilateral ground glass opacities and consolidation; C, male, 43 years old, presenting with fever and cough for 1 week. Axial chest CT shows small bilateral areas of peripheral GGO with minimal consolidation; D, female, 43 years old presenting with fever with cough for 5 days. Axial chest CT shows a right lung region of peripheral consolidation. Figure 2b: Examples of typical chest CT findings compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with epidemiological and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. A, male, 74 years old with fever and cough for 5 days. Axial chest CT shows bilateral subpleural ground glass opacities (GGO). B, female, 55 years old, with fever and cough for 7 days. Axial chest CT shows extensive bilateral ground glass opacities and consolidation; C, male, 43 years old, presenting with fever and cough for 1 week. Axial chest CT shows small bilateral areas of peripheral GGO with minimal consolidation; D, female, 43 years old presenting with fever with cough for 5 days. Axial chest CT shows a right lung region of peripheral consolidation. Figure 2c: Examples of typical chest CT findings compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with epidemiological and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. A, male, 74 years old with fever and cough for 5 days. Axial chest CT shows bilateral subpleural ground glass opacities (GGO). B, female, 55 years old, with fever and cough for 7 days. Axial chest CT shows extensive bilateral ground glass opacities and consolidation; C, male, 43 years old, presenting with fever and cough for 1 week. Axial chest CT shows small bilateral areas of peripheral GGO with minimal consolidation; D, female, 43 years old presenting with fever with cough for 5 days. Axial chest CT shows a right lung region of peripheral consolidation. Figure 2d: Examples of typical chest CT findings compatible with COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with epidemiological and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. A, male, 74 years old with fever and cough for 5 days. Axial chest CT shows bilateral subpleural ground glass opacities (GGO). B, female, 55 years old, with fever and cough for 7 days. Axial chest CT shows extensive bilateral ground glass opacities and consolidation; C, male, 43 years old, presenting with fever and cough for 1 week. Axial chest CT shows small bilateral areas of peripheral GGO with minimal consolidation; D, female, 43 years old presenting with fever with cough for 5 days. Axial chest CT shows a right lung region of peripheral consolidation. Figure 3a: Examples of chest CT findings less commonly reported in COVID-19 infection (atypical) in patients with epidemiological and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. A, male, 36 years old with cough for 3 days. Axial chest CT shows a small focal and central ground glass opacity (GGO) in the right upper lobe; B, female, 40 years old. Axial chest CT shows small peripheral linear opacities bilaterally. C, male, 38 years old. Axial chest CT shows a GGO in the central left lower lobe; D, male, 31 years old with fever for 1 day. Axial chest CT shows a linear opacity in the left lower lateral mid lung. Figure 3b: Examples of chest CT findings less commonly reported in COVID-19 infection (atypical) in patients with epidemiological and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. A, male, 36 years old with cough for 3 days. Axial chest CT shows a small focal and central ground glass opacity (GGO) in the right upper lobe; B, female, 40 years old. Axial chest CT shows small peripheral linear opacities bilaterally. C, male, 38 years old. Axial chest CT shows a GGO in the central left lower lobe; D, male, 31 years old with fever for 1 day. Axial chest CT shows a linear opacity in the left lower lateral mid lung. Figure 3c: Examples of chest CT findings less commonly reported in COVID-19 infection (atypical) in patients with epidemiological and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. A, male, 36 years old with cough for 3 days. Axial chest CT shows a small focal and central ground glass opacity (GGO) in the right upper lobe; B, female, 40 years old. Axial chest CT shows small peripheral linear opacities bilaterally. C, male, 38 years old. Axial chest CT shows a GGO in the central left lower lobe; D, male, 31 years old with fever for 1 day. Axial chest CT shows a linear opacity in the left lower lateral mid lung. Figure 3d: Examples of chest CT findings less commonly reported in COVID-19 infection (atypical) in patients with epidemiological and clinical presentation suspicious for COVID-19 infection. A, male, 36 years old with cough for 3 days. Axial chest CT shows a small focal and central ground glass opacity (GGO) in the right upper lobe; B, female, 40 years old. Axial chest CT shows small peripheral linear opacities bilaterally. C, male, 38 years old. Axial chest CT shows a GGO in the central left lower lobe; D, male, 31 years old with fever for 1 day. Axial chest CT shows a linear opacity in the left lower lateral mid lung. Discussion In our series, the sensitivity of chest CT was greater than that of RT-PCR (98% vs 71%, respectively, p<.001). The reasons for the low efficiency of viral nucleic acid detection may include: 1) immature development of nucleic acid detection technology; 2) variation in detection rate from different manufacturers; 3) low patient viral load; or 4) improper clinical sampling. The reasons for the relatively lower RT-PCR detection rate in our sample compared to a prior report are unknown (3). Our results support the use of chest CT for screening for COVD-19 for patients with clinical and epidemiologic features compatible with COVID-19 infection particularly when RT-PCR testing is negative.
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              CT Imaging Features of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV)

              In this retrospective case series, chest CT scans of 21 symptomatic patients from China infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) were reviewed, with emphasis on identifying and characterizing the most common findings. Typical CT findings included bilateral pulmonary parenchymal ground-glass and consolidative pulmonary opacities, sometimes with a rounded morphology and a peripheral lung distribution. Notably, lung cavitation, discrete pulmonary nodules, pleural effusions, and lymphadenopathy were absent. Follow-up imaging in a subset of patients during the study time window often demonstrated mild or moderate progression of disease, as manifested by increasing extent and density of lung opacities. © RSNA, 2020
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                wolfgang.schima@khgh.at
                Journal
                J Gastroenterol Hepatol Erkrank
                J Gastroenterol Hepatol Erkrank
                Journal Fur Gastroenterologische Und Hepatologische Erkrankungen
                Springer Vienna (Vienna )
                1728-6263
                1728-6271
                3 June 2020
                : 1-3
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Abteilung für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Barmherzige Schwestern Krankenhaus, Göttlicher Heiland Krankenhaus und Sankt Josef Krankenhaus, Wien, Österreich
                [2 ]Abteilung für Innere Medizin/Onkologie, Sankt Josef Krankenhaus, Wien, Österreich
                Article
                74
                10.1007/s41971-020-00074-6
                7267478
                33de4cc7-baea-48ff-a7fe-4e90681efbf1
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2020

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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