Why does social essentialism sometimes promote, and other times mitigate, prejudice development? A causal discounting perspective

The authors outline a cognitive and computational account of causal learning in children. They propose that children use specialized cognitive systems that allow them to recover an accurate "causal map" of the world: an abstract, coherent, learned representation of the causal relations among events. This kind of knowledge can be perspicuously understood in terms of the formalism of directed graphical causal models, or Bayes nets. Children's causal learning and inference may involve computations similar to those for learning causal Bayes nets and for predicting with them. Experimental results suggest that 2- to 4-year-old children construct new causal maps and that their learning is consistent with the Bayes net formalism.

The prevalence of childhood obesity more than doubled in the period from 1961 to 2001. We replicated a 1961 study of stigma in childhood obesity to see what effect this increased prevalence has had on this stigma. Participants included 458 5th- and 6th-grade children attending upper-middle and lower-middle income U.S. public schools. Children ranked six drawings of same-sex children with obesity, various disabilities, or no disability ("healthy"), in order of how well they liked each child. Children in both the present and the 1961 study liked the drawing of the obese child least. The obese child was liked significantly less in the present study than in 1961 [Kruskal-Wallis H(1) = 130.53, p < 0.001]. Girls liked the obese child less than boys did [H(1) = 5.23, p < 0.02]. Children ranked the healthy child highest and significantly higher than in 1961 [H(1) = 245.40, p < 0.001]. The difference in liking between the healthy and obese child was currently 40.8% greater than in 1961. Stigmatization of obesity by children appears to have increased over the last 40 years.