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      Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on all aspects of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Sign up for email alerts here.

      63,741 Monthly downloads/views I 2.989 Impact Factor I 4.5 CiteScore I 1.09 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) I 0.744 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Associations Between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Internet Gaming Disorder Symptoms Mediated by Depressive Symptoms and Hopelessness Among College Students

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          The mediating role of depressive symptoms and hopelessness on the relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and internet gaming disorder (IGD) symptoms has not yet been elucidated. This study assessed this mediating effect in college students.

          Participants and Methods

          Participants consisted of 1236 freshmen recruited at a local university. Symptoms of ADHD, IGD, depression and hopelessness were measured using self-report scales. The effect of ADHD on IGD mediated by depression and hopelessness was analyzed by Haye’s PROCESS macro for SPSS (Model 6) using the bias-corrected percentile bootstrap method with 5000 bootstrapped samples.

          Results

          Symptoms of ADHD, depression and hopelessness were common in college students and were strongly associated with the appearance of IGD symptoms. ADHD symptoms of college students impacted their IGD symptoms directly and indirectly via depressive symptoms and hopelessness. The total effect of ADHD symptoms on IGD symptoms was 0.075 (standard error [SE]: 0.009, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.057, 0.093), with a direct effect of 0.037 (SE: 0.010, 95% CI 0.018, 0.056, effect ratio: 49.3%), and total indirect effect was 0.038 (SE: 0.005, 95% CI 0.029, 0.050, effect ratio: 50.7%).

          Conclusion

          Depressive symptoms and hopelessness can mediate the relationship between ADHD and IGD symptoms among college students. These findings point to the importance of evaluating ADHD, depressive and hopelessness symptoms for the prevention and treatment of adult IGD.

          Most cited references59

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          Depression

          Gin Malhi, J John Mann (2018)
          Major depression is a common illness that severely limits psychosocial functioning and diminishes quality of life. In 2008, WHO ranked major depression as the third cause of burden of disease worldwide and projected that the disease will rank first by 2030.1 In practice, its detection, diagnosis, and management often pose challenges for clinicians because of its various presentations, unpredictable course and prognosis, and variable response to treatment.
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            The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), clinician rating (QIDS-C), and self-report (QIDS-SR): a psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic major depression.

            A.John Rush, Madhukar Trivedi, Hicham Ibrahim … (2003)
            The 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), a new measure of depressive symptom severity derived from the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS), is available in both self-report (QIDS-SR(16)) and clinician-rated (QIDS-C(16)) formats. This report evaluates and compares the psychometric properties of the QIDS-SR(16) in relation to the IDS-SR(30) and the 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D(24)) in 596 adult outpatients treated for chronic nonpsychotic, major depressive disorder. Internal consistency was high for the QIDS-SR(16) (Cronbach's alpha =.86), the IDS-SR(30) (Cronbach's alpha =.92), and the HAM-D(24) (Cronbach's alpha =.88). QIDS-SR(16) total scores were highly correlated with IDS-SR(30) (.96) and HAM-D(24) (.86) total scores. Item-total correlations revealed that several similar items were highly correlated with both QIDS-SR(16) and IDS-SR(30) total scores. Roughly 1.3 times the QIDS-SR(16) total score is predictive of the HAM-D(17) (17-item version of the HAM-D) total score. The QIDS-SR(16) was as sensitive to symptom change as the IDS-SR(30) and HAM-D(24), indicating high concurrent validity for all three scales. The QIDS-SR(16) has highly acceptable psychometric properties, which supports the usefulness of this brief rating of depressive symptom severity in both clinical and research settings.
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              The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale.

              A. Beck, A. Weissman, D. Lester … (1974)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ndt
                Journal ID (pmc): neurodist
                Title: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Print): 1176-6328
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 August 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 17
                Pages: 2775-2782
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice , Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]School of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology , Xiangtan, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Jianjun Ou Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 17775861486 Email oujianjun@csu.edu.cn
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5439-3757
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0611-7715
                Article
                Publisher ID: 325323
                DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S325323
                PMC ID: 8403024
                PubMed ID: 34465993
                SO-VID: 33f1d897-68d9-40dd-96ce-986409b959e0
                Copyright © © 2021 Chen et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 17 June 2021
                Date accepted : 12 August 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 4, References: 59, Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: the National Natural Science Foundation of China;
                Funded by: the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province;
                Funded by: the Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education;
                Funded by: the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department;
                The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81974217 and 81901388), the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (nos. 2020JJ5825 and 2020JJ5830), the Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education (17YJC190022), the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (18B219).
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,internet gaming disorder,depression,hopelessness,mediation effect
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, internet gaming disorder, depression, hopelessness, mediation effect

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