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      Longitudinal associations between problematic social media use and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls

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          Abstract

          The primary aim of the current study was to examine longitudinal relation between problematic social media use (PSMU) and depressive symptoms in adolescent girls. Adolescent girls (n = 397) were assessed in three time points across two years. PSMU and depressive symptoms were subjectively assessed at three waves spaced 2 years apart. Latent growth models were used to test whether changes in PSMU were related to changes in depressive symptoms, and whether baseline PSMU predicted changes in depressive symptoms and vice versa. Results revealed baseline PSMU was positively associated with baseline depressive symptoms (β = 0.29, p < 0.01), and changes in PSMU were related to changes in depressive symptoms (β = 0.22, p < 0.05). In addition, baseline depressive symptoms were predictive of changes in PSMU (β = 0.23, p < 0.05), but baseline PSMU did not predict changes in depressive symptoms. These findings provide evidence of positive associations between increasing PSMU and depressive symptoms and suggest that interventions should target reduction of PSMU to prevent adolescents' mental health problems.

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          Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale.

          Cecilie Andreassen, Torbjørn Torsheim, Geir Brunborg … (2012)
          The Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS), initially a pool of 18 items, three reflecting each of the six core elements of addiction (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict, and relapse), was constructed and administered to 423 students together with several other standardized self-report scales (Addictive Tendencies Scale, Online Sociability Scale, Facebook Attitude Scale, NEO-FFI, BIS/BAS scales, and Sleep questions). That item within each of the six addiction elements with the highest corrected item-total correlation was retained in the final scale. The factor structure of the scale was good (RMSEA = .046, CFI = .99) and coefficient alpha was .83. The 3-week test-retest reliability coefficient was .82. The scores converged with scores for other scales of Facebook activity. Also, they were positively related to Neuroticism and Extraversion, and negatively related to Conscientiousness. High scores on the new scale were associated with delayed bedtimes and rising times.
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            The relationship between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem: Findings from a large national survey.

            Cecilie Andreassen, Ståle Pallesen, Mark Griffiths (2017)
            Social media has become an increasingly popular leisure activity over the last decade. Although most people's social media use is non-problematic, a small number of users appear to engage in social media excessively and/or compulsively. The main objective of this study was to examine the associations between addictive use of social media, narcissism, and self-esteem. A cross-sectional convenient sample of 23,532 Norwegians (Mage=35.8years; range=16-88years) completed an open web-based survey including the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Results demonstrated that lower age, being a woman, not being in a relationship, being a student, lower education, lower income, lower self-esteem, and narcissism were associated with higher scores on the BSMAS, explaining a total of 17.5% of the variance. Although most effect sizes were relatively modest, the findings supported the notion of addictive social media use reflecting a need to feed the ego (i.e., narcissistic personality traits) and an attempt to inhibit a negative self-evaluation (i.e., self-esteem). The results were also consistent with demographic predictions and associations taken from central theories concerning "addiction", indicating that women may tend to develop more addictive use of activities involving social interaction than men. However, the cross-sectional study design makes inferences about directionality impossible.
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              Social Networking Sites and Addiction: Ten Lessons Learned

              Daria Kuss, MARK D. GRIFFITHS (2017)
              Online social networking sites (SNSs) have gained increasing popularity in the last decade, with individuals engaging in SNSs to connect with others who share similar interests. The perceived need to be online may result in compulsive use of SNSs, which in extreme cases may result in symptoms and consequences traditionally associated with substance-related addictions. In order to present new insights into online social networking and addiction, in this paper, 10 lessons learned concerning online social networking sites and addiction based on the insights derived from recent empirical research will be presented. These are: (i) social networking and social media use are not the same; (ii) social networking is eclectic; (iii) social networking is a way of being; (iv) individuals can become addicted to using social networking sites; (v) Facebook addiction is only one example of SNS addiction; (vi) fear of missing out (FOMO) may be part of SNS addiction; (vii) smartphone addiction may be part of SNS addiction; (viii) nomophobia may be part of SNS addiction; (ix) there are sociodemographic differences in SNS addiction; and (x) there are methodological problems with research to date. These are discussed in turn. Recommendations for research and clinical applications are provided.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Lennart Raudsepp
                Kristjan Kais
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Prev Med Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Prev Med Rep
                Title: Preventive Medicine Reports
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2211-3355
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 June 2019
                Publication date Collection: September 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 June 2019
                Volume: 15
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100925
                Affiliations
                [a ]Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 4 Ujula street, EE 51018 Tartu, Estonia
                [b ]Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. lennart.raudsepp@ 123456ut.ee
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2211-3355(19)30099-3 Publisher ID: 100925
                DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100925
                PMC ID: 6603436
                PubMed ID: 31304081
                SO-VID: 3441c6ba-c989-4c1c-8e5a-230dc344361a
                Copyright © © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 24 February 2019
                Date revision received : 13 May 2019
                Date accepted : 20 June 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Regular Article

                Keywords: problematic social media use,depressive symptoms,adolescent girls
                Data availability:
                Keywords: problematic social media use, depressive symptoms, adolescent girls

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