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      Current ecological understanding of fungal-like pathogens of fish: what lies beneath?

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          Abstract

          Despite increasingly sophisticated microbiological techniques, and long after the first discovery of microbes, basic knowledge is still lacking to fully appreciate the ecological importance of microbial parasites in fish. This is likely due to the nature of their habitats as many species of fish suffer from living beneath turbid water away from easy recording. However, fishes represent key ecosystem services for millions of people around the world and the absence of a functional ecological understanding of viruses, prokaryotes, and small eukaryotes in the maintenance of fish populations and of their diversity represents an inherent barrier to aquatic conservation and food security. Among recent emerging infectious diseases responsible for severe population declines in plant and animal taxa, fungal and fungal-like microbes have emerged as significant contributors. Here, we review the current knowledge gaps of fungal and fungal-like parasites and pathogens in fish and put them into an ecological perspective with direct implications for the monitoring of fungal fish pathogens in the wild, their phylogeography as well as their associated ecological impact on fish populations. With increasing fish movement around the world for farming, releases into the wild for sport fishing and human-driven habitat changes, it is expected, along with improved environmental monitoring of fungal and fungal-like infections, that the full extent of the impact of these pathogens on wild fish populations will soon emerge as a major threat to freshwater biodiversity.

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          Chytridiomycosis causes amphibian mortality associated with population declines in the rain forests of Australia and Central America.

          Epidermal changes caused by a chytridiomycete fungus (Chytridiomycota; Chytridiales) were found in sick and dead adult anurans collected from montane rain forests in Queensland (Australia) and Panama during mass mortality events associated with significant population declines. We also have found this new disease associated with morbidity and mortality in wild and captive anurans from additional locations in Australia and Central America. This is the first report of parasitism of a vertebrate by a member of the phylum Chytridiomycota. Experimental data support the conclusion that cutaneous chytridiomycosis is a fatal disease of anurans, and we hypothesize that it is the proximate cause of these recent amphibian declines.
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            The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists.

            This revision of the classification of unicellular eukaryotes updates that of Levine et al. (1980) for the protozoa and expands it to include other protists. Whereas the previous revision was primarily to incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, this revision incorporates results from both ultrastructural research since 1980 and molecular phylogenetic studies. We propose a scheme that is based on nameless ranked systematics. The vocabulary of the taxonomy is updated, particularly to clarify the naming of groups that have been repositioned. We recognize six clusters of eukaryotes that may represent the basic groupings similar to traditional "kingdoms." The multicellular lineages emerged from within monophyletic protist lineages: animals and fungi from Opisthokonta, plants from Archaeplastida, and brown algae from Stramenopiles.
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              Spread of Chytridiomycosis Has Caused the Rapid Global Decline and Extinction of Frogs

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                19 February 2014
                2014
                : 5
                : 62
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques (IRD 207, CNRS 7208, MNHN, UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris Cedex, France
                [2] 2Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University Poole, Dorset, UK
                [3] 3BC Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences Campbell River, BC, Canada
                [4] 4School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
                Author notes

                Edited by: Télesphore Sime-Ngando, Centre National de la Recherche, France

                Reviewed by: Ryan J. Newton, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA; Gordon William Beakes, University of Newcastle, UK

                *Correspondence: Rodolphe E. Gozlan, Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques (IRD 207, CNRS 7208, MNHN, UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75231 Paris Cedex, France e-mail: rudy.gozlan@ 123456ird.fr ; rgozlan@ 123456bournemouth.ac.uk

                This article was submitted to Aquatic Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology.

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2014.00062
                3928546
                24600442
                344cfef3-b1c2-4a17-840f-8c3d3fef6de4
                Copyright © 2014 Gozlan, Marshall, Lilje, Jessop, Gleason and Andreou.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 03 October 2013
                : 30 January 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 198, Pages: 16, Words: 13641
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Review Article

                Microbiology & Virology
                emerging infectious disease,aquatic,extinction,vertebrate,global,biodiversity,oomycota,mesomycetozoea

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