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      Hipoacusia en pacientes con y sin COVID-19 antes y después de la recuperación de los casos positivos Translated title: Hearing loss in patients with and without COVID-19 before and after recovery from positive cases

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN: Introducción y objetivo: Aun son pocos los estudios sobre el daño de la COVID-19 en la audición por lo que se recomienda evaluaciones iniciales y su seguimiento, el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el grado y tipo de hipoacusia en sujetos con y sin COVID-19 al inicio del padecimiento y después de su recuperación de quienes se confirmó su positividad. Método: Estudio prospectivo, comparativo no experimental. Previa firma del consentimiento informado a una muestra voluntaria de 105 sujetos que acudieron a confirmar positividad a COVID-19 se les realizo audiometría tonal y una revaloración posterior a su recuperación de los positivos Resultados: la hipoacusia superficial sensorial fue más frecuente en el grupo de 35 a 50 años, en el grupo negativo a SARS-Cov-2, los resultados antes-después de la recuperación de los positivos fue significativa en el promedio de 7 frecuencias y frecuencias medias. Discusión: Los resultados de este estudio coinciden con lo publicado en relación con el tipo y grado de hipoacusia, la edad y la no percepción de esta, la diversidad de síntomas de COVID-19 sin diferencias entre los grupos con y sin COVID-19. Las diferencias en los promedios de tonos puros en 7 frecuencias y frecuencias medias no reportadas para el contraste. Conclusiones: el tipo y grado de hipoacusia fue el esperado con respecto a la edad, las diferencias en los promedios antes y después fueron mejores en la segunda evaluación probablemente por la resolución del cuadro inflamatorio. Se recomienda aumentar la muestra y agregar evaluación objetiva de oído medio.

          Translated abstract

          SUMMARY: Introduction and objective: There are still few studies on the damage of COVID-19 in hearing, so initial evaluations and their follow-up are recommended, the objective of this study was to compare the degree and type of hearing loss in subjects with and without COVID-19 at the beginning of the disease and after their recovery of whom their positivity was confirmed. Method: prospective, comparative non-experimental study. After signing the informed consent to a voluntary sample of 105 subjects who came to confirm positivity for COVID-19, they underwent tonal audiometry and a reassessment after their recovery of the positives. Results: Sensory superficial hearing loss was more frequent in the group aged 35 to 50 years, in the group negative to SARS-Cov-2, the results before-after the recovery of the positive ones was significant in the average of 7 frequencies and medium frequencies. Discussion: The results of this study coincide with what has been published in relation to the type and degree of hearing loss, age and non-perception of it, the diversity of COVID-19 symptoms without differences between the groups with and without COVID-19. Differences in the averages of pure tones at 7 frequencies and mid-frequencies not reported for contrast. Conclusions: the type and degree of hearing loss was as expected with respect to age, the differences in the averages before and after were better in the second evaluation, probably due to the resolution of the inflammatory condition. It is recommended to increase the sample and add an objective evaluation of the ear half.

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          Most cited references26

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          Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults.

          BACKGROUND Whether hearing loss is independently associated with accelerated cognitive decline in older adults is unknown. METHODS We studied 1984 older adults (mean age, 77.4 years) enrolled in the Health ABC Study, a prospective observational study begun in 1997-1998. Our baseline cohort consisted of participants without prevalent cognitive impairment (Modified Mini-Mental State Examination [3MS] score, ≥80) who underwent audiometric testing in year 5. Participants were followed up for 6 years. Hearing was defined at baseline using a pure-tone average of thresholds at 0.5 to 4 kHz in the better-hearing ear. Cognitive testing was performed in years 5, 8, 10, and 11 and consisted of the 3MS (measuring global function) and the Digit Symbol Substitution test (measuring executive function). Incident cognitive impairment was defined as a 3MS score of less than 80 or a decline in 3MS score of more than 5 points from baseline. Mixed-effects regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models were adjusted for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS In total, 1162 individuals with baseline hearing loss (pure-tone average >25 dB) had annual rates of decline in 3MS and Digit Symbol Substitution test scores that were 41% and 32% greater, respectively, than those among individuals with normal hearing. On the 3MS, the annual score changes were -0.65 (95% CI, -0.73 to -0.56) vs -0.46 (95% CI, -0.55 to -0.36) points per year (P = .004). On the Digit Symbol Substitution test, the annual score changes were -0.83 (95% CI, -0.94 to -0.73) vs -0.63 (95% CI, -0.75 to -0.51) points per year (P = .02). Compared to those with normal hearing, individuals with hearing loss at baseline had a 24% (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05-1.48) increased risk for incident cognitive impairment. Rates of cognitive decline and the risk for incident cognitive impairment were linearly associated with the severity of an individual's baseline hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS Hearing loss is independently associated with accelerated cognitive decline and incident cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults. Further studies are needed to investigate what the mechanistic basis of this association is and whether hearing rehabilitative interventions could affect cognitive decline.
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            Audiological profile of asymptomatic Covid-19 PCR-positive cases

            Objective The current study compared the amplitude of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and latencies of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) between asymptomatic COVID-19 PCR-positive cases and normal non-infected subjects. Methods Twenty cases who were confirmed positive for COVID-19 and had none of the known symptoms for this viral infection formed the test group for 2 full weeks. Their age ranged between 20 and 50 years to avoid any age-related hearing affection. Patients who had definite symptoms of COVID-19 infection as well as those who had a history of hearing loss or a history of any known cause of hearing loss were excluded from the examined sample. TEOAEs amplitude was measured for all participants. Results The high frequency pure-tone thresholds as well as the TEOAE amplitudes were significantly worse in the test group. Conclusions COVID-19 infection could have deleterious effects on cochlear hair cell functions despite being asymptomatic. The mechanism of these effects requires further research.
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              Current concepts in age-related hearing loss: epidemiology and mechanistic pathways.

              Age-related hearing loss (AHL), also known as presbycusis, is a universal feature of mammalian aging and is characterized by a decline of auditory function, such as increased hearing thresholds and poor frequency resolution. The primary pathology of AHL includes the hair cells, stria vascularis, and afferent spiral ganglion neurons as well as the central auditory pathways. A growing body of evidence in animal studies has suggested that cumulative effect of oxidative stress could induce damage to macromolecules such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and that the resulting accumulation of mtDNA mutations/deletions and decline of mitochondrial function play an important role in inducing apoptosis of the cochlear cells, thereby the development of AHL. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated four categories of risk factors of AHL in humans: cochlear aging, environment such as noise exposure, genetic predisposition, and health co-morbidities such as cigarette smoking and atherosclerosis. Genetic investigation has identified several putative associating genes, including those related to antioxidant defense and atherosclerosis. Exposure to noise is known to induce excess generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cochlea, and cumulative oxidative stress can be enhanced by relatively hypoxic situations resulting from the impaired homeostasis of cochlear blood supply due to atherosclerosis, which could be accelerated by genetic and co-morbidity factors. Antioxidant defense system may also be influenced by genetic backgrounds. These may explain the large variations of the onset and extent of AHL among elderly subjects. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Annual Reviews 2013". Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                orl
                Revista ORL
                Rev. ORL
                Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain )
                2444-7986
                March 2022
                : 13
                : 1
                : 9-18
                Affiliations
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Dr. Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra orgdiv1Servicio de Audiología México
                [2] Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Dr. Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra orgdiv1Servicio de Otoneurología México
                [3] Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Dr. Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra orgdiv1Servicio de Infectología México
                Article
                S2444-79862022000100002 S2444-7986(22)01300100002
                10.14201/orl.27448
                346c70c6-bf61-47e3-8d32-8654fd989c1b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 October 2021
                : 08 December 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo original

                prueba RT-PCR,hearing loss,coronavirus,SARS-Cov2,COVID-19,adults,RT-PCR Test,hipoacusia,adultos

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