Vulneración de derechos humanos en las movilizaciones de octubre de 2019 en Chile <span class="so-article-trans-title" dir="auto"> Translated title: Violation of human rights in the mobilizations of October 2019 in Chile </span>

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Abstract

Resumen La revuelta popular de octubre de 2019 en Chile ha visibilizado nuevamente el tema de las vulneraciones de los derechos humanos en el contexto de movilizaciones masivas. En cuanto a daños en la salud de la población, se reportaron numerosas lesiones oculares por proyectiles de impacto cinético y uso de bombas lacrimógenas como proyectiles contra las personas, generando un brote de lesiones oculares inédito en el mundo. Existió un uso excesivo de armas químicas y no se han comunicado todos los químicos utilizados. El impacto en salud mental, sobre todo de la población que vivió en dictadura en los años 1970, es incierto, y la atención de salud se vio desbordada en las áreas geográficas más vulnerables. Es urgente establecer un sistema oportuno y transparente de vigilancia de este tipo de lesiones y conocer todos los compuestos químicos usados como lacrimógenos, así como la composición de los balines y los proyectiles.

Translated abstract

Abstract Chile's October 2019 popular revolt has again made human rights violations visible in the context of mass mobilizations. In terms of damage to the population's health, multiple eye injuries produced by kinetic impact projectiles and tear bombs against people were reported, leading to an outbreak of unpublished eye injuries worldwide. There was excessive use of chemical weapons, and the totality of the chemicals used has not been transparent. The impact on mental health, especially of the population who lived during dictatorship in the 1970s, is uncertain and, health care was overwhelmed in the most vulnerable geographic areas. It is urgent to establish a timely and transparent system for monitoring such lesions and transparent all chemical compounds in teartearing and the composition of kinetic impact projectiles.

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Was the economic crisis 1997-1998 responsible for rising suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia? A time-trend analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand.

Shu Chang, David Gunnell, T. Cheng … (2009)

In 1997-1998 a widespread economic crisis hit the economies of many East/Southeast Asian countries; its impact on suicide rates across the region has not been systematically documented. We investigated the impact of the Asian economic crisis (1997-1998) on suicide in Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand. Suicide and population data for the period 1985-2006 were extracted from the World Health Organisation's mortality database and Taiwanese mortality statistics. Sex-specific age-standardised suicide rates for people aged 15years or above were analysed using joinpoint regression. Trends in divorce, marriage, unemployment, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and alcohol consumption were compared with trends in suicide rates graphically and using time-series analysis. Suicide mortality decreased in the late 1980s and early 1990s but subsequently increased markedly in all countries except Singapore, which had steadily declining suicide rates throughout the study period. Compared to 1997, male rates in 1998 rose by 39% in Japan, 44% in Hong Kong and 45% in Korea; rises in female rates were less marked. Male rates also rose in Thailand, but accurate data were incomplete. The economic crisis was associated with 10,400 more suicides in 1998 compared to 1997 in Japan, Hong Kong and Korea. Similar increases in suicide rates were not seen in Taiwan and Singapore, the two countries where the economic crisis had a smaller impact on GDP and unemployment. Time-series analyses indicated that some of the crisis's impact on male suicides was attributable to increases in unemployment. These findings suggest an association of the Asian economic crisis with a sharp increase in suicide mortality in some, but not all, East/Southeast Asian countries, and that these increases were most closely associated with rises in unemployment.

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Death, injury and disability from kinetic impact projectiles in crowd-control settings: a systematic review

Rohini Haar, Vincent Iacopino, Nikhil Ranadive … (2017)

Objective We conducted a systematic review of the available literature on deaths, injuries and permanent disability from rubber and plastic bullets, as well as from bean bag rounds, shot pellets and other projectiles used in arrests, protests and other contexts from 1 January 1990 until 1 June 2017. Data sources PubMed, Scopus, JSTOR and grey literature. Data synthesis We report on descriptive statistics as well as data on injury severity, permanent disability and death. We analysed potential risk factors for injury severity, including the site of impact, firing distance and access to medical care. Results Of 3228 identified articles, 26 articles met inclusion criteria. These articles included injury data on 1984 people, 53 of whom died as a result of their injuries. 300 people suffered permanent disability. Deaths and permanent disability often resulted from strikes to the head and neck (49.1% of deaths and 82.6% of permanent disabilities). Of the 2135 injuries in those who survived their injuries, 71% were severe, injuries to the skin and to the extremities were most frequent. Anatomical site of impact, firing distance and timely access to medical care were correlated with injury severity and risk of disability. Conclusions Kinetic impact projectiles (KIPs), often called rubber or plastic bullets, are used commonly in crowd-control settings. We find that these projectiles have caused significant morbidity and mortality during the past 27 years, much of it from penetrative injuries and head, neck and torso trauma. Given their inherent inaccuracy, potential for misuse and associated health consequences of severe injury, disability and death, KIPs do not appear to be appropriate weapons for use in crowd-control settings. There is an urgent need to establish international guidelines on the use of crowd-control weapons to prevent unnecessary injuries and deaths.

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Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: a systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray

Rohini Haar, Vincent Iacopino, Nikhil Ranadive … (2017)

Background Chemical irritants used in crowd control, such as tear gases and pepper sprays, are generally considered to be safe and to cause only transient pain and lacrimation. However, there are numerous reports that use and misuse of these chemicals may cause serious injuries. We aimed to review documented injuries from chemical irritants to better understand the morbidity and mortality associated with these weapons. Methods We conducted a systematic review using PRISMA guidelines to identify injuries, permanent disabilities, and deaths from chemical irritants worldwide between January 1, 1990 and March 15, 2015. We reviewed injuries to different body systems, injury severity, and potential risk factors for injury severity. We also assessed region, context and quality of each included article. Results We identified 31 studies from 11 countries. These reported on 5131 people who suffered injuries, two of whom died and 58 of whom suffered permanent disabilities. Out of 9261 total injuries, 8.7% were severe and required professional medical management, while 17% were moderate and 74.3% were minor. Severe injuries occurred to all body systems, with the majority of injuries impacting the skin and eyes. Projectile munition trauma caused 231 projectile injuries, with 63 (27%) severe injuries, including major head injury and vision loss. Potentiating factors for more severe injury included environmental conditions, prolonged exposure time, and higher quantities of chemical agent in enclosed spaces. Conclusions Although chemical weapons may have a limited role in crowd control, our findings demonstrate that they have significant potential for misuse, leading to unnecessary morbidity and mortality. A nuanced understanding of the health impacts of chemical weapons and mitigating factors is imperative to avoiding indiscriminate use of chemical weapons and associated health consequences.

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Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): gs

Title: Gaceta Sanitaria

Abbreviated Title: Gac Sanit

Publisher: Sociedad Española de Salud Pública y Administración Sanitaria (SESPAS) (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )

ISSN (Print): 0213-9111

Publication date (Print and electronic): August 2021

Volume: 35

Issue: 4

Pages: 399-401

Affiliations

[1] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Escuela de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro de Desarrollo Urbano Sustentable CEDEUS Chile

[2] Santiago Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad de Chile orgdiv1Escuela de Salud Pública orgdiv2Programa de Políticas, Sistemas y Gestión en Salud Chile

[3] Berkeley California orgnameUniversity of California orgdiv1Departamento de Salud Pública United States

Article

Publisher ID: S0213-91112021000400017 Publisher ID: S0213-9111(21)03500400017

DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2020.12.029

SO-VID: 346d87d9-1a82-49c1-8c67-3135994a4d9a

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

History

Date received : 06 October 2020

Date accepted : 15 December 2020

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 12, Pages: 3

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Vulneración de derechos humanos en las movilizaciones de octubre de 2019 en Chile Translated title: Violation of human rights in the mobilizations of October 2019 in Chile

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Most cited references 12

Was the economic crisis 1997-1998 responsible for rising suicide rates in East/Southeast Asia? A time-trend analysis for Japan, Hong Kong, South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Thailand.

Death, injury and disability from kinetic impact projectiles in crowd-control settings: a systematic review

Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: a systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray

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