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      Infecção pelo HIV entre usuários de drogas injetáveis: análise dos fatores de risco no Município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil Translated title: HIV-infection among injecting drug users: analysis of risk factors in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil

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          Abstract

          O trabalho visa a determinar os fatores de risco para a infecção pelo HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus - vírus da aids) entre usuários de drogas injetáveis (UDI), no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Os entrevistados foram recrutados em centros de tratamento para usuários de drogas e nas "cenas de uso" ("ruas"). Foram utilizados três questionários: um destinado a colher informações mais gerais acerca dos UDI, adaptado de estudo anterior da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS); um segundo voltado para a pesquisa de informações suplementares sobre conhecimentos, comportamentos e atitudes em relação à aids; além de um terceiro instrumento destinado a avaliar níveis de disfunção psicológica. O estudo consistiu de 110 entrevistados que voluntariamente realizaram testes laboratoriais para a presença do HIV, além de outros agentes infecciosos de transmissão sangüínea (HBV, HCV, HDV, HGV/GBV-C, HTLV-I/II). A soroprevalência para o HIV-1 foi de 28,7%. Utilizando-se um modelo de regressão logística múltipla (Estatística de Hosmer-Lemeshow, c² = 1,89; p=0,98), foram identificados como fatores de risco para a infecção pelo HIV: "local de moradia de baixa renda" (OR=5,57; IC 95%: [1,39 - 22,27]), "fonte de renda irregular" (OR=3,26; IC 95%: [1,01 - 10,51]), "menor idade de início quando do consumo de drogas injetáveis" (OR=2,50; IC: 90%: [0,99 - 6,28]), "local de recrutamento nos centros de tratamento para uso de drogas" (vs. recrutamento nas "ruas") (OR=7,91; IC 95%: [2,03 - 30,87]) e "maior freqüência de compartilhamento do material de injeção nos 6 meses anteriores à entrevista" (OR=4,41; IC 95%: [1,33 - 14,64]).

          Translated abstract

          The objective of the present paper is to identify risk factors for HIV infection among injecting drug users in the City of Rio de Janeiro. A survey was carried out with volunteers selected from (drug use) treatment centers and from street based drug users of the city. Three questionnaires were used: the first one addressed information on general aspects of the population of injecting drug users; the second one asked for additional information on HIV-related knowledge and behavior; and a third one was designed to assess psychological dysfunction. The sample consisted of 110 respondents, who volunteered for HIV-infection and other blood-borne pathogens (HBV, HCV, HDV, HGV/GBV-C, HTLV-I/II) laboratory testing. In the sample, HIV-1 point seroprevalence was 28.7%. A logistic regression model (Hosmer-Lemeshow statistics, c² = 1.89; p=0.98) identified the following variables as risk factors for HIV infection: "low-income residence" (OR=5.57; 95% CI: [1.39 - 22.27]), "uncertain income sources" (OR=3.26; 95% CI: [1.01 - 10.51]), "early onset of drug consumption" (OR=2.50; 90% CI: [0.99 - 6.28]), "recruitment from street based drug users" (OR=7.91; 95% CI: [2.03 - 30.87]), and "high frequency of needle-sharing during the prior 6 months" (OR=4.41; 95% CI: [1.33 - 14.64]).

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          HIV and infections of similar transmission patterns in a drug injectors community of Santos, Brazil.

          To study the prevalence of HIV and infections with related transmission patterns, we interviewed and obtained blood samples from 220 injecting drug users (IDUs), sampled by snowballing, from the city of Santos in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, where the estimated number of IDUs (10,000) comprises approximately 2% of the entire population. Seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C, syphilis, and HTLV (1 and 2) was assessed and compared with that in 197 blood donors from the same city, matched for age and gender. Risk behavior related to HIV was assessed by a standard questionnaire applied to the IDU sample. Univariate and multivariate analyses of the risk factors were performed. Seroprevalences found were 62% for HIV, 75% for HCV, 75% for HBV, 34% for syphilis, and 25% for HTLV (1 and 2) among IDUs, which compare with 0.0%, 2%, 23%, 12%, and 1% for blood donors, respectively. The risk for parenterally transmitted infections in this IDU community was higher than that for sexually transmitted infections (odds ratio for syphilis, 3.57; hepatitis B, 10.0; and hepatitis C, 100). The results of the mutivariate risk analysis showed that daily rate of ID use >5 times/day (OR = 6.73), not changing behavior to avoid AIDS (OR= 3.28), ID use >15 days/month (OR = 2.72), and ID use in the last 2 months (OR = 2.23) were the risk behaviors significantly associated with HIV infection.
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            Maintaining low HIV seroprevalence in populations of injecting drug users.

            To describe prevention activities and risk behavior in cities where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was introduced into the local population of injecting drug users (IDUs), but where seroprevalence has nevertheless remained low (< 5%) during at least 5 years. A literature search identified five such cities: Glasgow, Scotland; Lund, Sweden; Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Tacoma, Wash; and Toronto, Ontario. Case histories were prepared for each city, including data on prevention activities and current levels of risk behavior among IDUs. Injecting drug users recruited from both drug treatment and non-treatment settings in each city. A variety of HIV prevention activities for IDUs had been implemented in each of the five cities. There were three common prevention components present in all five cities: (1) implementation of prevention activities when HIV seroprevalence was still low, (2) provision of sterile injection equipment, and (3) community outreach to IDUs. Moderate levels of risk behavior continued with one third or more of the IDUs reporting recent unsafe injections. In low-seroprevalence areas, it appears possible to severely limit transmission of HIV among populations of IDUs, despite continuing risk behavior among a substantial proportion of the population. Pending further studies, the common prevention components (beginning early, community outreach, and access to sterile injection equipment) should be implemented wherever populations of IDUs are at risk for rapid spread of HIV.
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              O uso de portfólios na pedagogia universitária: uma experiência em cursos de enfermagem

              Descreve-se experiência de construção de matriz para análise de portfólios em um curso de licenciatura em enfermagem, com destaque para as aprendizagens mútuas e múltiplas do processo. Um dos desafios é potencializar o uso de portfólios evitando que este padeça de um subjetivismo que dificulte a sustentação do diálogo que se trava entre aluno/professor, que não pode prescindir de evidências sem as quais se enfraquece a dimensão educativa da avaliação. O estudo sistematiza princípios que garantem uma lógica de avaliação inovadora, constituindo-se recurso de formação tanto para docente quanto discentes envolvidos, contribuindo para o exercício da reflexão sobre o material produzido e compilado no portfólio.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbepid
                Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia
                Rev. bras. epidemiol.
                Associação Brasileira de Saúde Coletiva (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                1415-790X
                1980-5497
                December 1998
                : 1
                : 3
                : 245-255
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameUERJ orgdiv1Programa de Engenharia Biomédica
                [01] orgnameUERJ orgdiv1Núcleo de Estudos em Atenção ao Uso de drogas
                [03] Rio de Janeiro RJ orgnameFundação Oswaldo orgdiv1Departamento de Informações para a Saúde Brasil
                Article
                S1415-790X1998000300004 S1415-790X(98)00100304
                10.1590/S1415-790X1998000300004
                347b1624-7f39-43af-bb4c-3d9066ea9d8f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 29, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Texto completo somente em PDF (PT)
                Categories
                Artigo Especial

                Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome,Infecções por HIV,Usuários de drogas injetáveis,Fatores de risco,Abuso de substâncias por via endovenosa,Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida,HIV-infections,Risk factors,Substance abuse, intravenous

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