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      Tuber luomae, a new spiny-spored truffle species from the Pacific Northwest, USA

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          Abstract

          Tuber luomae, a new truffle species known only from the Pacific Northwest, USA, is distinguished by spiny, non-reticulate spores and a two-layered peridium — the outermost layer (pellis) consists of inflated, globose to subpolygonal cells and the inner (subpellis) of narrow hyphae. ITS sequence analyses show that it has phylogenetic affinity to other Tuber species in the Rufum clade. The only other members of the Rufum clade with a strongly developed peridiopellis of large, inflated cells are the southern European T. malacodermum and T. pustulatum and the northern Mexican T. theleascum. We find it interesting that this peridial structure that is uncommon in the Rufum clade has been found in geographically disjunct species.

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          AMPLIFICATION AND DIRECT SEQUENCING OF FUNGAL RIBOSOMAL RNA GENES FOR PHYLOGENETICS

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            Historical Biogeography and Diversification of Truffles in the Tuberaceae and Their Newly Identified Southern Hemisphere Sister Lineage

            Truffles have evolved from epigeous (aboveground) ancestors in nearly every major lineage of fleshy fungi. Because accelerated rates of morphological evolution accompany the transition to the truffle form, closely related epigeous ancestors remain unknown for most truffle lineages. This is the case for the quintessential truffle genus Tuber, which includes species with socio-economic importance and esteemed culinary attributes. Ecologically, Tuber spp. form obligate mycorrhizal symbioses with diverse species of plant hosts including pines, oaks, poplars, orchids, and commercially important trees such as hazelnut and pecan. Unfortunately, limited geographic sampling and inconclusive phylogenetic relationships have obscured our understanding of their origin, biogeography, and diversification. To address this problem, we present a global sampling of Tuberaceae based on DNA sequence data from four loci for phylogenetic inference and molecular dating. Our well-resolved Tuberaceae phylogeny shows high levels of regional and continental endemism. We also identify a previously unknown epigeous member of the Tuberaceae – the South American cup-fungus Nothojafnea thaxteri (E.K. Cash) Gamundí. Phylogenetic resolution was further improved through the inclusion of a previously unrecognized Southern hemisphere sister group of the Tuberaceae. This morphologically diverse assemblage of species includes truffle (e.g. Gymnohydnotrya spp.) and non-truffle forms that are endemic to Australia and South America. Southern hemisphere taxa appear to have diverged more recently than the Northern hemisphere lineages. Our analysis of the Tuberaceae suggests that Tuber evolved from an epigeous ancestor. Molecular dating estimates Tuberaceae divergence in the late Jurassic (∼156 million years ago), with subsequent radiations in the Cretaceous and Paleogene. Intra-continental diversification, limited long-distance dispersal, and ecological adaptations help to explain patterns of truffle evolution and biodiversity.
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              A global meta-analysis of Tuber ITS rDNA sequences: species diversity, host associations and long-distance dispersal.

              Truffles (Tuber) are ectomycorrhizal fungi characterized by hypogeous fruitbodies. Their biodiversity, host associations and geographical distributions are not well documented. ITS rDNA sequences of Tuber are commonly recovered from molecular surveys of fungal communities, but most remain insufficiently identified making it difficult to determine whether these sequences represent conspecific or novel taxa. In this meta-analysis, over 2000 insufficiently identified Tuber sequences from 76 independent studies were analysed within a phylogenetic framework. Species ranges, host associates, geographical distributions and intra- and interspecific ITS variability were assessed. Over 99% of the insufficiently identified Tuber sequences grouped within clades composed of species with little culinary value (Maculatum, Puberulum and Rufum). Sixty-four novel phylotypes were distinguished including 36 known only from ectomycorrhizae or soil. Most species of Tuber showed 1-3% intraspecific ITS variability and >4% interspecific ITS sequence variation. We found 123 distinct phylotypes based on 96% ITS sequence similarity and estimated that Tuber contains a minimum of 180 species. Based on this meta-analysis, species in Excavatum, Maculatum and Rufum clades exhibit preference for angiosperm hosts, whereas those in the Gibbosum clade are preferential towards gymnosperms. Sixteen Tuber species (>13% of the known diversity) have putatively been introduced to continents or islands outside their native range. © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Fungal Syst Evol
                Fungal Syst Evol
                FUSE
                Fungal Systematics and Evolution
                Fungal Systematics and Evolution
                2589-3823
                2589-3831
                25 June 2020
                December 2020
                : 6
                : 299-304
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
                [2 ]USDA, Forest Service, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
                [3 ]Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
                [4 ]Department of Plant Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, USA
                Author notes

                Citation: Eberhart J, Trappe J, Piña Páez C, Bonito G (2020). Tuber luomae, a new spiny-spored truffle species from the Pacific Northwest, USA. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 6: 299–304. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2020.06.15

                Corresponding editor: P.W. Crous

                Conflict of interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

                Article
                10.3114/fuse.2020.06.15
                7451770
                32904139
                347d4907-1b84-4043-8518-e74feef0e484
                © 2020 Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute

                Fungal Systematics and Evolution is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License

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                new taxon,peridial structure,pezizales,phylogeny,rufum clade,truffle

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