Moving towards universal health coverage, promoting health and wellbeing, and protecting
against health emergencies are the WHO global priorities
1
that are shared by the proposed WHO European Programme of Work 2020–25.
2
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has underlined the importance of
interconnecting these strategic priorities. Of the six WHO regions, the European region
is the most affected by non-communicable disease (NCD)-related morbidity and mortality
3
and the growth of the NCDs is concerning. Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic
respiratory diseases, and diabetes are among the leading causes of death and disability
in the region,
3
and an increasing proportion of children and adults are living with overweight or
obesity,
4
one of the major risk factors for NCDs. Prevention and control of NCDs are important
during this pandemic because NCDs are major risk factors for patients with COVID-19.
5
Additionally, some of the restrictive measures such as lockdowns, social distancing,
and travel restrictions to reduce the spread of infection in many countries impact
specifically on people living with NCDs by limiting their activity, ability to secure
healthy foods, and access to preventive or health promotion services.
6
The COVID-19 pandemic has had widespread health impacts, revealing the particular
vulnerability of those with underlying conditions. In Italy, a recent report revealed
that the majority (96·2%) of patients who have died in-hospital from COVID-19 had
comorbidities, primarily NCDs; the most prevalent NCDs among these patients were hypertension
(69·2%), type 2 diabetes (31·8%), ischaemic heart disease (28·2%), chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (16·9%), and cancer (16·3%).
7
An association between COVID-19 severity and NCDs has also been reported in Spain,
8
China,
9
and the USA.
10
However, many COVID-19 deaths also occur in older people who often have existing comorbidities.
11
Body-mass index (BMI) might also be associated with the severity of COVID-19; in China,
patients with severe COVID-19 and non-survivors typically had a high BMI (>25 kg/m2).
12
The impact of COVID-19 response measures on NCDs is multifaceted. Physical distancing
or quarantine can lead to poor management of NCD behavioural risk factors, including
unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and harmful use of alcohol.
13
Evidence from this and previous pandemics suggests that without proper management,
chronic conditions can worsen due to stressful situations resulting from restrictions,
insecure economic situations, and changes in normal health behaviours. As with other
health service and preventive programmes, the postponement of routine medical appointments
and tests can delay NCD management, while physical distancing, restricted access to
primary health care units, pharmacies, and community services, alongside a reduction
of transport links, all disrupt continuity of care for NCD patients. This disruption
of routine health services and medical supplies risks increasing morbidity, disability,
and avoidable mortality over time in NCD patients. Additionally, patients with severe
obesity who require intensive care have increased patient management needs.
6
The prevention and control of NCDs have a crucial role in the COVID-19 response and
an adaptive response is required to account for the needs of people with NCDs. Prevention
of NCDs is important since the true scale of at-risk groups is probably underestimated,
given that many cases of hypertension and diabetes are undiagnosed.14, 15 Communities
and health systems need to be adaptive to both support and manage the increased risks
of people with known NCDs and exercise sensitivity about the vulnerability of the
large population with undiagnosed NCDs and those at increased risk of NCDs.
The COVID-19 response and continued and strengthened focus on NCD prevention and management
are key and interlinked aspects of public health at the present time. If the COVID-19
response is not adapted to encompass prevention and management of NCD risks, we will
fail many people at a time when their vulnerability is heightened. What steps should
be taken to adapt the COVID-19 response? The WHO Regional Office for Europe has started
to develop a list of actions that could be adapted by countries to address the needs
of those at risk of NCDs or who are already living with NCDs, together with practical
considerations for teams developing COVID-19 response plans at local or national levels
(table
).
Table
Responses and risks related to NCD prevention and control during the COVID-19 pandemic
NCD-specific responses
Associated risks
Community transmission with containment measures such as physical distancing and public
service and institution closures or restrictions
Lengthened time spent indoors
Use technology to provide knowledge and support for management of NCDs, online information
on exercise and mental health self-management classes, healthy recipes for home preparation,
and online delivery of healthy foods, among other responses
Reduced physical activity and increased strain on mental health might result in greater
consumption of unhealthy foods and harmful use of tobacco and alcohol
Family members at home
Provide special arrangements for families with NCD patients to self-isolate
Risk of increased contact with younger family members at home
Inadequate access to medicines
Use telemedicine more, allow local or community doctors and pharmacists to renew or
extend drug prescriptions, deliver essential NCD drugs to home
Shortage of essential medicines such as insulin and other NCD-specific medications
Transport and other services restricted
Prioritise and ensure continued community level services in a safe way to cater for
NCD patients' needs
Restricted transport facilities and family support for continued NCD care
Infection control
Early detection and laboratory testing
Prioritise NCD patients for COVID-19 testing; triaging should take account of whether
patients have NCDs and are immunocompromised
Those NCD patients for whom visits to health facilities are essential could be at
greater risk of getting exposed to COVID-19
Contact tracing
Focus especially on those with increased risk factors for NCDs and NCD patients (ie,
patients living with obesity) and alert and follow up closely any possible contacts
for NCD patients
NCD patients might be unaware of the additional risks posed on them
Extensive testing
Prioritise NCD patients for testing when possible and promote the need for testing
NCD patients might be less motivated or able to actively seek testing (in a safe,
physically distanced manner)
Health-care settings (infection control)
Provide NCD patients and health-care staff working in NCD services with special training
and personal protective equipment, as well as health-care professionals at increased
risk of NCDs
NCD patients with comorbidities are at increased risk of infection; health-care staff
working in NCD clinics are therefore also at increased risk of infection
NCD=non-communicable disease. COVID-19=coronavirus disease 2019.
Patients living with obesity and NCDs are at increased risk of the health impacts
of emergencies such as COVID-19.
16
NCD health-care staff and associated workers and volunteers should be centrally involved
in the planning of COVID-19 response strategies to ensure that the needs of patients
and caregivers are addressed. Specific advice should be made available nationally
and locally for patients living with NCDs, their families, and their caregivers. Prevention
and control of obesity and NCDs are crucial in preparedness for this and future public
health threats. A streamlined response to COVID-19 in the context of NCDs is important
to optimise public health outcomes and reduce the impacts of this pandemic on individuals,
vulnerable groups, key workers, and society.