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      Morphological Changes in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Aging Female Marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus)

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          Abstract

          The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are pointed to as the mammals central circadian pacemaker. Aged animals show internal time disruption possibly caused by morphological and neurochemical changes in SCN components. Some studies reported changes of neuronal cells and neuroglia in the SCN of rats and nonhuman primates during aging. The effects of senescence on morphological aspects in SCN are important for understanding some alterations in biological rhythms expression. Therefore, our aim was to perform a comparative study of the morphological aspects of SCN in adult and aged female marmoset. Morphometric analysis of SCN was performed using Nissl staining, NeuN-IR, GFAP-IR, and CB-IR. A significant decrease in the SCN cells staining with Nissl, NeuN, and CB were observed in aged female marmosets compared to adults, while a significant increase in glial cells was found in aged marmosets, thus suggesting compensatory process due to neuronal loss evoked by aging.

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          NeuN, a neuronal specific nuclear protein in vertebrates.

          R Mullen, C Buck, A. Smith (1992)
          A battery of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against brain cell nuclei has been generated by repeated immunizations. One of these, mAb A60, recognizes a vertebrate nervous system- and neuron-specific nuclear protein that we have named NeuN (Neuronal Nuclei). The expression of NeuN is observed in most neuronal cell types throughout the nervous system of adult mice. However, some major cell types appear devoid of immunoreactivity including cerebellar Purkinje cells, olfactory bulb mitral cells, and retinal photoreceptor cells. NeuN can also be detected in neurons in primary cerebellar cultures and in retinoic acid-stimulated P19 embryonal carcinoma cells. Immunohistochemically detectable NeuN protein first appears at developmental timepoints which correspond with the withdrawal of the neuron from the cell cycle and/or with the initiation of terminal differentiation of the neuron. NeuN is a soluble nuclear protein, appears as 3 bands (46-48 x 10(3) M(r)) on immunoblots, and binds to DNA in vitro. The mAb crossreacts immunohistochemically with nervous tissue from rats, chicks, humans, and salamanders. This mAb and the protein recognized by it serve as an excellent marker for neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems in both the embryo and adult, and the protein may be important in the determination of neuronal phenotype.
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            Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline.

            Nicholas A. Bishop, Tao Lu, Bruce A. Yankner (2010)
            During the past century, treatments for the diseases of youth and middle age have helped raise life expectancy significantly. However, cognitive decline has emerged as one of the greatest health threats of old age, with nearly 50% of adults over the age of 85 afflicted with Alzheimer's disease. Developing therapeutic interventions for such conditions demands a greater understanding of the processes underlying normal and pathological brain ageing. Recent advances in the biology of ageing in model organisms, together with molecular and systems-level studies of the brain, are beginning to shed light on these mechanisms and their potential roles in cognitive decline.
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              Suprachiasmatic nucleus: cell autonomy and network properties.

              David Welsh, Joseph S Takahashi, Steve A Kay (2010)
              The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the primary circadian pacemaker in mammals. Individual SCN neurons in dispersed culture can generate independent circadian oscillations of clock gene expression and neuronal firing. However, SCN rhythmicity depends on sufficient membrane depolarization and levels of intracellular calcium and cAMP. In the intact SCN, cellular oscillations are synchronized and reinforced by rhythmic synaptic input from other cells, resulting in a reproducible topographic pattern of distinct phases and amplitudes specified by SCN circuit organization. The SCN network synchronizes its component cellular oscillators, reinforces their oscillations, responds to light input by altering their phase distribution, increases their robustness to genetic perturbations, and enhances their precision. Thus, even though individual SCN neurons can be cell-autonomous circadian oscillators, neuronal network properties are integral to normal function of the SCN.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomed Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): BMRI
                Title: BioMed Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2314-6133
                ISSN (Electronic): 2314-6141
                Publication date (Print): 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 June 2014
                Volume: 2014
                Electronic Location Identifier: 243825
                Affiliations
                1Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Physiology Department, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
                2Laboratory of Chronobiology, Physiology Department, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
                3Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
                4Biology Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
                5Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Morphology Department, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
                Author notes
                *Jeferson S. Cavalcante: jefsc@ 123456uol.com.br

                Academic Editor: Estela Muñoz

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2014/243825
                PMC ID: 4060761
                PubMed ID: 24987675
                SO-VID: 35352b07-84b8-45a3-8c37-5d97e6d33cdc
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 Rovena Clara G. J. Engelberth et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 26 December 2013
                Date revision received : 4 April 2014
                Date accepted : 18 April 2014
                Funding
                Funded by: Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
                Funded by: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

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