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      Water Manganese Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function in Araihazar, Bangladesh

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          Abstract

          Exposure to manganese via inhalation has long been known to elicit neurotoxicity in adults, but little is known about possible consequences of exposure via drinking water. In this study, we report results of a cross-sectional investigation of intellectual function in 142 10-year-old children in Araihazar, Bangladesh, who had been consuming tube-well water with an average concentration of 793 μg Mn/L and 3 μg arsenic/L. Children and mothers came to our field clinic, where children received a medical examination in which weight, height, and head circumference were measured. Children’s intellectual function was assessed on tests drawn from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, version III, by summing weighted items across domains to create Verbal, Performance, and Full-Scale raw scores. Children provided urine specimens for measuring urinary As and creatinine and were asked to provide blood samples for measuring blood lead, As, Mn, and hemoglobin concentrations. After adjustment for sociodemographic covariates, water Mn was associated with reduced Full-Scale, Performance, and Verbal raw scores, in a dose–response fashion; the low level of As in water had no effect. In the United States, roughly 6% of domestic household wells have Mn concentrations that exceed 300 μg Mn/L, the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency lifetime health advisory level. We conclude that in both Bangladesh and the United States, some children are at risk for Mn-induced neurotoxicity.

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          Most cited references27

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          Water Arsenic Exposure and Children’s Intellectual Function in Araihazar, Bangladesh

          Exposure to arsenic has long been known to have neurologic consequences in adults, but to date there are no well-controlled studies in children. We report results of a cross-sectional investigation of intellectual function in 201 children 10 years of age whose parents participate in our ongoing prospective cohort study examining health effects of As exposure in 12,000 residents of Araihazar, Bangladesh. Water As and manganese concentrations of tube wells at each child’s home were obtained by surveying all wells in the study region. Children and mothers came to our field clinic, where children received a medical examination in which weight, height, and head circumference were measured. Children’s intellectual function on tests drawn from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, version III, was assessed by summing weighted items across domains to create Verbal, Performance, and Full-Scale raw scores. Children provided urine specimens for measuring urinary As and creatinine and were asked to provide blood samples for measuring blood lead and hemoglobin concentrations. Exposure to As from drinking water was associated with reduced intellectual function after adjustment for sociodemographic covariates and water Mn. Water As was associated with reduced intellectual function, in a dose–response manner, such that children with water As levels > 50 μg/L achieved significantly lower Performance and Full-Scale scores than did children with water As levels < 5.5 μg/L. The association was generally stronger for well-water As than for urinary As.
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            Spatial variability of arsenic in 6000 tube wells in a 25 km2area of Bangladesh

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              Rapid multi-element analysis of groundwater by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

              A rapid and sensitive method was developed to determine, with a single dilution, the concentration of 33 major and trace elements (Na, Mg, Si, K, Ca, Li, Al, P, S, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Mo, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Cs, Ba, Re, Hg, Pb, Bi, U) in groundwater. The method relies on high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR ICP-MS) and works across nine orders of magnitude of concentrations. For most elements, detection limits for this method are considerably lower than methods based on quadrupole ICP-MS. Precision was within or close to +/-3% (1 sigma) for all elements analyzed, with the exception of Se (+/-10%) and Al (+/-6%). The usefulness of the method is demonstrated with a set of 629 groundwater samples collected from tube wells in Bangladesh (Northeast Araiharzar). The results show that a majority of tube well samples in this area exceed the WHO guideline for As of 10 microg L(-1), and that those As-safe wells frequently do not meet the guideline for Mn of 500 microg L(-1) and U of 2 microg L(-1).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Environ Health Perspect
                Environmental Health Perspectives
                National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
                0091-6765
                January 2006
                9 August 2005
                : 114
                : 1
                : 124-129
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
                [2 ]New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
                [3 ]Department of Biostatistics,
                [4 ]Department of Environmental Health Sciences, and
                [5 ]Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
                [6 ]Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
                [7 ]Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
                [8 ]Queens College, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to G.A. Wasserman, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., Unit 78, New York, NY 10032 USA. Telephone: (212) 543-5296. Fax: (212) 543-1000. E-mail: wassermg@childpsych.columbia.edu

                The authors declare they have no competing financial interests.

                Article
                ehp0114-000124
                10.1289/ehp.8030
                1332667
                16393669
                356fadad-0c5f-418e-bbc5-1fd50ef451c5
                This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are permitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the article's original DOI.
                History
                : 17 February 2005
                : 9 August 2005
                Categories
                Research
                Children's Health

                Public health
                iq,manganese,children
                Public health
                iq, manganese, children

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