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      Down syndrome: Prevalence and distribution of congenital heart disease in Brazil : Síndrome de Down: prevalência e distribuição de cardiopatia congênita no Brasil

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          ABSTRACT

          CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:

          Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder, affecting 1/700 live births. Among the clinical findings, one constant concern is the high prevalence of congenital heart disease. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and profile of congenital heart disease among patients attended at a Down syndrome outpatient clinic in southern Brazil between 2005 and 2013.

          DESIGN AND SETTING

          : Cross-sectional study conducted in a referral center.

          METHODS

          : Data were retrospectively gathered from the medical files of 1,207 patients with Down syndrome, among whom 604 (50.0%) had been diagnosed with congenital heart disease. These data were subjected to descriptive analysis using the Statistica software.

          RESULTS

          : Among the 604 patients with congenital heart disease, 338 (55.8%) were male and 269 (44.5%) were female. The most common heart diseases were atrial septal defect in 254 patients (42.1%); total atrioventricular septal defect in 91 (15.1%); atrial septal defect and ventricular septal defect in 88 (14.6%); ventricular septal defect in 77 (12.7%); patent ductus arteriosus in 40 (6.6%); patent foramen ovale in 34 (5.6%) patients; tetralogy of Fallot in 12 (2%); and other diseases in 8 (1.3%). Pulmonary hypertension was present in 57 (9.4%). Out of the total, 150 patients (24.8%) underwent cardiac surgery.

          CONCLUSION

          : The high prevalence of congenital heart disease among the patients at the Down syndrome outpatient clinic (50%) was similar to findings from other studies and justifies investigation during the neonatal period, so as to decrease mortality and morbidity.

          RESUMO

          CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO

          : A síndrome de Down é a anomalia genética mais comum e afeta 1/700 nascidos vivos. Entre os achados clínicos, uma preocupação constante é a alta prevalência de cardiopatia congênita e o objetivo do presente estudo é determinar a prevalência e o perfil de cardiopatia congênita em pacientes atendidos em um ambulatório de síndrome de Down no período de 2005 a 2013 no sul do Brasil.

          TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL

          : Estudo transversal conduzido em um centro de referência.

          MÉTODOS

          : Foi realizada coleta retrospectiva de dados de 1.207 prontuários de pacientes com síndrome de Down, com 604 (50,0%) diagnosticados com cardiopatia congênita. Os dados foram submetidos a análise descritiva, utilizando-se o programa Statistica.

          RESULTADOS

          : Entre os 604 pacientes com cardiopatia congênita, 338 (55,8%) eram do sexo masculino e 269 (44,5%) do feminino. A cardiopatia mais comum foi comunicação interatrial, observada em 254 (42,1%) pacientes, defeito de septo atrioventricular total, em 91 (15,1%), comunicação interatrial em conjunto com comunicação interventricular, em 88 (14,6%), comunicação interventricular, em 77 (12,7%), persistência do canal arterial, em 40 (6,6%), forame oval patente, em 34 (5,6%), tetralogia de Fallot, em 12 (2%) e outras cardiopatias observadas em oito (1,3%) pacientes. Hipertensão pulmonar esteve presente em 57 (9,4%). Do total, 150 (24,8%) pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca.

          CONCLUSÃO

          : A elevada prevalência das cardiopatias congênitas nos pacientes do ambulatório da síndrome de Down, de 50%, semelhante à encontrada em outros estudos, justifica a investigação no período neonatal, com diminuição da mortalidade e morbidade.

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          Most cited references24

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          Population-based study of congenital heart defects in Down syndrome.

          Mental retardation and hypotonia are found in virtually all Down syndrome (DS) individuals, whereas congenital heart defects (CHDs) are only present in a subset of cases. Although there have been numerous reports of the frequency of CHDs in DS, few of the studies have had complete ascertainment of DS in a defined geographic area. The Atlanta Down Syndrome Project, a population-based study of infants born with trisomy 21, provides such a resource. In the first 6.5 years of the study, 243 trisomy 21 livebirths were identified in the five-county Atlanta area (birth prevalence: 9.6/10,000). Cardiac diagnoses were available on 227 (93%) of the cases and 89% of these evaluations were made by echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, surgery, or autopsy. Of the 227 DS infants, 44% had CHDs including 45% atrioventricular septal defect (with or without other CHDs), 35% ventricular septal defect (with or without other CHDs), 8% isolated secundum atrial septal defect, 7%, isolated persistent patent ductus arteriosus, 4% isolated tetralogy of Fallot, and 1% other. This report is unique in that it contains the largest number of trisomy 21 infants ascertained in a population-based study where modern techniques for diagnosing cardiac abnormalities predominate.
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            Ethnicity, sex, and the incidence of congenital heart defects: a report from the National Down Syndrome Project.

            The population-based National Down Syndrome Project combined epidemiological and molecular methods to study congenital heart defects in Down syndrome. Between 2000 and 2004, six sites collected DNA, clinical, and epidemiological information on parents and infants. We used logistic regression to examine factors associated with the most common Down syndrome-associated heart defects. Of 1469 eligible infants, major cardiac defects were present in 44%; atrioventricular septal defect (39%), secundum atrial septal defect (42%), ventricular septal defect (43%), and tetralogy of Fallot (6%). Atrioventricular septal defects showed the most significant sex and ethnic differences with twice as many affected females (odds ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.40-2.67) and, compared with whites, twice as many blacks (odds ratio, 2.06; 95% confidence interval, 1.32-3.21) and half as many Hispanics (odds ratio, 0.48; 95% confidence interval, 0.30-0.77). No associations were found with origin of the nondisjunction error or with the presence of gastrointestinal defects. Sex and ethnic differences exist for atrioventricular septal defects in Down syndrome. Identification of genetic and environmental risk factors associated with these differences is essential to our understanding of the etiology of congenital heart defects.
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              The four ages of Down syndrome.

              Down syndrome (DS) affects approximately 1 per 650-1000 live births and is the most common known genetic cause of intellectual disability. A highly significant change in the survival of people with DS has occurred during the last two generations, with life expectancy estimates increasing from 12 to nearly 60 years of age. Detailed information on 1332 people in Western Australia with DS was abstracted from a specialist statewide database for the period 1953-2000 and electronically linked with three other state or national health and mortality data sources and the state Birth Defects Registry. Over the last 25 years the percentage of women over 35 years giving birth increased from 4.8 to 18.6%, accompanied by an increase in the overall prevalence of DS from 1.1 to 2.9 per 1000 births. Four life stages of DS were identified: prenatal, childhood and early adulthood, adulthood, and senescence. Although pneumonia, or other types of respiratory infections, was the most common cause of death across the entire lifespan, ranging from 23% of deaths in adulthood to 40% in senescence, each life stage exhibited a particular profile of comorbidities. Congenital heart defects were common causes in childhood (13%) and adulthood (23%), whereas in senescence coronary artery disease (10%) and cardiac, renal, and respiratory failure (9%) were leading causes of mortality. A major re-appraisal in attitudes towards DS is required to ensure that the medical and social needs of people with the disorder are adequately met across their entire lifespan. In particular, specific recognition of the comorbidities that can arise at different ages is needed, accompanied by the provision of appropriate levels of care and management.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                08 December 2015
                2015
                : 133
                : 6
                : 521-524
                Affiliations
                [I ] originalMD, MSc. Specialization Student on Down Syndrome at Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas Clínicas de São Paulo; Doctoral Student in Postgraduate Program on Children's and Adolescents' Health, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
                [II ] original MD. Specialist in Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
                [III ] original MD. Psychiatry Resident, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
                [IV ] original MD, MSc. Specialist in Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Down Syndrome Outpatient Clinic, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
                [V ] original MD, PhD. Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Beatriz Elizabeth Bagatin Veleda Bermudez. Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná. Rua General Carneiro, 181, Curitiba (PR) - Brasil. CEP 80060-900. Tel: (+55 41) 9991-1347. E-mail: beatriz_bvb@ 123456hotmail.com

                Conflict of interest: None

                Article
                10.1590/1516-3180.2015.00710108
                10496550
                26648279
                35cdf169-bf42-4159-8eea-83c2f67379dd

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 12 April 2015
                : 04 June 2015
                : 01 August 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 4
                Categories
                Case Series

                heart defects, congenital,down syndrome,hypertension, pulmonary,echocardiography,cardiac surgical procedures

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