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      Characterization and cytotoxic effect of biogenic silver nanoparticles on mitotic chromosomes of Drimia polyantha (Blatt. & McCann) Stearn

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          Highlights

          • •

            Synthesis of AgNPs by leaf extract of G. floribunda.

          • •

            Inhibition of mitotic index (MI) at higher concentration of AgNPs.

          • •

            Cytotoxic effect is directly proportional to the concentration of AgNPs.

          • •

            Higher concentrations of silver nanoparticles induce significant inhibition of root meristem activity and DNA damage causing cell death.

          Abstract

          Noble metal nanoparticles afford a tool for investigation and its application in biological systems has had the greatest impact in biology and biomedicine. The present work reports an ecofriendly approach for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using an aqueous leaf extract of Getonia floribunda. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by using following instruments viz. UV–vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD AFM and HR-TEM. The UV–vis spectrum showed a characteristic absorption peak at 404 nm. FTIR data reveals the possible involvement of various functional groups for reduction and biocapping of AgNPs. XRD data confirmed the crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles. Morphology, size and distribution of the AgNPs were determined by using AFM and HR-TEM. The average size of AgNPs ranges between 10 and 25 nm and are spherical in shape. The silver nanoparticles were evaluated for their cytotoxic effect on mitotic chromosomes of root meristematic cells of D. polyantha using different concentrations viz. 4, 8, 12 and 16 μg/ml at the time interval of 6, 12, 18 and 24 h. It is evident from the results that the higher concentration of AgNPs found to inhibit mitotic index and caused chromosomal abnormalities such as chromosomal bridge, sticky chromosomes, laggard anaphase, diagonal anaphase, c-metaphase and chromosomal breaks. Therefore, it can be concluded that higher concentrations of silver nanoparticles may induce significant inhibition of root meristem activity and causing DNA damage.

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          In vitro toxicity of nanoparticles in BRL 3A rat liver cells.

          S. Hussain, K. L. Hess, J Gearhart … (2005)
          This study was undertaken to address the current deficient knowledge of cellular response to nanosized particle exposure. The study evaluated the acute toxic effects of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles proposed for future use in industrial production methods using the in vitro rat liver derived cell line (BRL 3A). Different sizes of nanoparticles such as silver (Ag; 15, 100 nm), molybdenum (MoO(3); 30, 150 nm), aluminum (Al; 30, 103 nm), iron oxide (Fe(3)O(4); 30, 47 nm), and titanium dioxide (TiO(2); 40 nm) were evaluated for their potential toxicity. We also assessed the toxicity of relatively larger particles of cadmium oxide (CdO; 1 microm), manganese oxide (MnO(2); 1-2 microm), and tungsten (W; 27 microm), to compare the cellular toxic responses with respect to the different sizes of nanoparticles with different core chemical compositions. For toxicity evaluations, cellular morphology, mitochondrial function (MTT assay), membrane leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH assay), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were assessed under control and exposed conditions (24h of exposure). Results showed that mitochondrial function decreased significantly in cells exposed to Ag nanoparticles at 5-50 microg/ml. However, Fe(3)O(4), Al, MoO(3) and TiO(2) had no measurable effect at lower doses (10-50 microg/ml), while there was a significant effect at higher levels (100-250 microg/ml). LDH leakage significantly increased in cells exposed to Ag nanoparticles (10-50 microg/ml), while the other nanoparticles tested displayed LDH leakage only at higher doses (100-250 microg/ml). In summary the Ag was highly toxic whereas, MoO(3) moderately toxic and Fe(3)O(4), Al, MnO(2) and W displayed less or no toxicity at the doses tested. The microscopic studies demonstrated that nanoparticle-exposed cells at higher doses became abnormal in size, displaying cellular shrinkage, and an acquisition of an irregular shape. Due to toxicity of silver, further study conducted with reference to its oxidative stress. The results exhibited significant depletion of GSH level, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in ROS levels, which suggested that cytotoxicity of Ag (15, 100 nm) in liver cells is likely to be mediated through oxidative stress.
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            In vitro cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in mammalian germline stem cells.

            Laura K Braydich-Stolle, Saber M Hussain, John J Schlager … (2005)
            Gametogenesis is a complex biological process that is particularly sensitive to environmental insults such as chemicals. Many chemicals have a negative impact on the germline, either by directly affecting the germ cells, or indirectly through their action on the somatic nursing cells. Ultimately, these effects can inhibit fertility, and they may have negative consequences for the development of the offspring. Recently, nanomaterials such as nanotubes, nanowires, fullerene derivatives (buckyballs), and quantum dots have received enormous national attention in the creation of new types of analytical tools for biotechnology and the life sciences. Despite the wide application of nanomaterials, there is a serious lack of information concerning their impact on human health and the environment. Thus, there are limited studies available on toxicity of nanoparticles for risk assessment of nanomaterials. The purpose of this study was to assess the suitability of a mouse spermatogonial stem cell line as a model to assess nanotoxicity in the male germline in vitro. The effects of different types of nanoparticles on these cells were evaluated by light microscopy, and by cell proliferation and standard cytotoxicity assays. Our results demonstrate a concentration-dependent toxicity for all types of particles tested, whereas the corresponding soluble salts had no significant effect. Silver nanoparticles were the most toxic while molybdenum trioxide (MoO(3)) nanoparticles were the least toxic. Our results suggest that this cell line provides a valuable model with which to assess the cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in the germ line in vitro.
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              The apoptotic effect of nanosilver is mediated by a ROS- and JNK-dependent mechanism involving the mitochondrial pathway in NIH3T3 cells.

              Yi-Hong Hsin, Chun-Feng Chen, Shing Huang … (2008)
              Nanomaterials and nanoparticles have received considerable attention recently because of their unique properties and diverse biotechnology and life sciences applications. Nanosilver products, which have well-known antimicrobial properties, have been used extensively in a range of medical settings. Despite the widespread use of nanosilver products, relatively few studies have been undertaken to determine the biological effects of nanosilver exposure. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of nanosilver and to elucidate possible molecular mechanisms underlying the biological effects of nanosilver. Here, we show that nanosilver is cytotoxic, inducing apoptosis in NIH3T3 fibroblast cells. Treatment with nanosilver induced the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and translocation of Bax to mitochondria, indicating that nanosilver-mediated apoptosis is mitochondria-dependent. Nanosilver-induced apoptosis was associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and JNK activation, and inhibition of either ROS or JNK attenuated nanosilver-induced apoptosis. In nanosilver-resistant HCT116 cells, up-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 appeared to be associated with a diminished apoptotic response. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence for a molecular mechanism of nanosilver cytotoxicity, showing that nanosilver acts through ROS and JNK to induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tarikere C. Taranath
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Toxicol Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Toxicol Rep
                Title: Toxicology Reports
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2214-7500
                Publication date PMC-release: 31 August 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 August 2018
                Volume: 5
                Pages: 910-918
                Affiliations
                [0005]Environmental Biology Laboratory, P. G. Department of Studies in Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, Karnataka, India
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. tctaranath@ 123456rediffmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2214-7500(18)30360-3
                DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.018
                PMC ID: 6129697
                SO-VID: 35d497d4-96fd-4c29-87dd-48c5c027ed4c
                Copyright © © 2018 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 9 May 2018
                Date revision received : 7 August 2018
                Date accepted : 29 August 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: green synthesis,silver nanoparticles,characterization,mitotic index,chromosomal aberrations
                Data availability:
                Keywords: green synthesis, silver nanoparticles, characterization, mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations

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