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      Nanoparticle Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases

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          Abstract

          Due to emergence of new variants of pathogenic micro-organisms the treatment and immunization of infectious diseases have become a great challenge in the past few years. In the context of vaccine development remarkable efforts have been made to develop new vaccines and also to improve the efficacy of existing vaccines against specific diseases. To date, some vaccines are developed from protein subunits or killed pathogens, whilst several vaccines are based on live-attenuated organisms, which carry the risk of regaining their pathogenicity under certain immunocompromised conditions. To avoid this, the development of risk-free effective vaccines in conjunction with adequate delivery systems are considered as an imperative need to obtain desired humoral and cell-mediated immunity against infectious diseases. In the last several years, the use of nanoparticle-based vaccines has received a great attention to improve vaccine efficacy, immunization strategies, and targeted delivery to achieve desired immune responses at the cellular level. To improve vaccine efficacy, these nanocarriers should protect the antigens from premature proteolytic degradation, facilitate antigen uptake and processing by antigen presenting cells, control release, and should be safe for human use. Nanocarriers composed of lipids, proteins, metals or polymers have already been used to attain some of these attributes. In this context, several physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles play an important role in the determination of vaccine efficacy. This review article focuses on the applications of nanocarrier-based vaccine formulations and the strategies used for the functionalization of nanoparticles to accomplish efficient delivery of vaccines in order to induce desired host immunity against infectious diseases.

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          A study of the nucleation and growth processes in the synthesis of colloidal gold

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            Macrophage receptors and immune recognition.

            Macrophages express a broad range of plasma membrane receptors that mediate their interactions with natural and altered-self components of the host as well as a range of microorganisms. Recognition is followed by surface changes, uptake, signaling, and altered gene expression, contributing to homeostasis, host defense, innate effector mechanisms, and the induction of acquired immunity. This review covers recent studies of selected families of structurally defined molecules, studies that have improved understanding of ligand discrimination in the absence of opsonins and differential responses by macrophages and related myeloid cells.
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              The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future.

              Vaccination has made an enormous contribution to global health. Two major infections, smallpox and rinderpest, have been eradicated. Global coverage of vaccination against many important infectious diseases of childhood has been enhanced dramatically since the creation of WHO's Expanded Programme of Immunization in 1974 and of the Global Alliance for Vaccination and Immunization in 2000. Polio has almost been eradicated and success in controlling measles makes this infection another potential target for eradication. Despite these successes, approximately 6.6 million children still die each year and about a half of these deaths are caused by infections, including pneumonia and diarrhoea, which could be prevented by vaccination. Enhanced deployment of recently developed pneumococcal conjugate and rotavirus vaccines should, therefore, result in a further decline in childhood mortality. Development of vaccines against more complex infections, such as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV, has been challenging and achievements so far have been modest. Final success against these infections may require combination vaccinations, each component stimulating a different arm of the immune system. In the longer term, vaccines are likely to be used to prevent or modulate the course of some non-infectious diseases. Progress has already been made with therapeutic cancer vaccines and future potential targets include addiction, diabetes, hypertension and Alzheimer's disease.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Immunol
                Front Immunol
                Front. Immunol.
                Frontiers in Immunology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-3224
                04 October 2018
                2018
                : 9
                : 2224
                Affiliations
                [1] 1School of Biotechnology, KIIT University , Bhubaneswar, India
                [2] 2Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) , St. Petersburg, Russia
                [3] 3Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich , Munich, Germany
                [4] 4First Pavlov State Medical University of St.Petersburg , St. Petersburg, Russia
                [5] 5Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore , Indore, India
                Author notes

                Edited by: Nahid Ali, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, India

                Reviewed by: Randy A. Albrecht, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Michael Schotsaert, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, United States; Katie Louise Flanagan, RMIT University, Australia

                *Correspondence: Avinash Sonawane asonawane@ 123456iiti.ac.in

                This article was submitted to Vaccines and Molecular Therapeutics, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology

                Article
                10.3389/fimmu.2018.02224
                6180194
                30337923
                35e73164-893f-47a6-aaa8-3dc8915e1f75
                Copyright © 2018 Pati, Shevtsov and Sonawane.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 13 April 2018
                : 07 September 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 228, Pages: 16, Words: 14090
                Funding
                Funded by: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Ministry of Science and Technology 10.13039/501100001408
                Award ID: SR/NM/NS-1159/2016
                Funded by: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung 10.13039/100005156
                Categories
                Immunology
                Review

                Immunology
                nanoparticles,vaccine development,human diseases,targeted vaccine delivery,antigens
                Immunology
                nanoparticles, vaccine development, human diseases, targeted vaccine delivery, antigens

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