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      Probabilistic risk assessment of dietary exposure to aflatoxin B 1 in Guangzhou, China

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          Abstract

          Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1) contamination in foods is an important health challenge for low-and middle-income countries in subtropical regions. AFB 1 has been detected in a variety of foodsin Guangzhou, while the risk of dietary exposure is unknown. This study aimed to assess the probabilistic risk of dietary exposure to AFB 1 contamination in food stuffs in Guangzhou by using margin of exposure (MOE) and quantitative liver cancer risk approaches. A total of1854 AFB 1-contaminated foodstuffs were sampled in supermarkets, agricultural markets, retail shops, and family workshops from 11 districts of Guangzhou, and AFB 1 content was determined by HPLC-fluorescence detector. In total, 9.9% (184/1854) of the test samples had AFB 1 concentrations above the limit of detection. Home-made peanut oil had the highest AFB 1 concentration, with a mean value of 38.74 ± 47.45 μg kg −1. The average MOE levels of Guangzhou residents ranged from 100 to 1000. The risk of liver cancer was 0.0264 cancers (100,000 population year) −1. The health risks of suburban people were higher than those of urban people, and home-made peanut oil was the main contributorto dietary exposure to AFB 1 among suburban residents in Guangzhou. The production of home-made peanut oil should be supervised to reduce the risk of AFB 1 exposure.

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          Differentiation of Aspergillus flavus from A. parasiticus and other closely related species

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            Co-contamination of aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 in food and human dietary exposure in three areas of China.

            Aflatoxins and fumonisins are ubiquitous foodborne toxicants and the co-occurrence of these mycotoxins in human foods represents a significant public health concern, which has been strongly associated with human aflatoxicosis, neural tube defects, as well as many types of primary cancers. In this study the co-contamination of aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) in food and human dietary exposure was investigated in residents of three different areas of China. A total of 209 food samples were measured for AFB(1) and FB(1). The median AFB(1) levels were 13.5, 2.3 and 1.3 µg kg(-1) and the median FB(1) levels were 2.6, 0.4 and 0.3 mg kg(-1) in corn samples collected from Huaian (a high-risk area for oesophageal cancer), Fusui (a high-risk area for liver cancer) and Huantai (a low-risk area for both oesophageal and liver cancers), respectively. The median level of AFB(1) in plant oil of Fusui was the highest (52.3 µg kg(-1)) among all food samples analysed. Co-contamination of these two mycotoxins was found in corn, rice and wheat flour. Based on measured food consumption data, the averaged daily dietary intake of AFB(1) was 0.397 µg (range = 0.269-1.218 µg) in residents of Huantai, 1.723 µg (0.224-49.772 µg) in Huaian, and 2.685 µg (1.006-14.534 µg) in Fusui. The averaged FB(1) daily dietary intake was 92.4 µg (range = 55.0-362.1 µg) for residents of Huantai, 460.0 µg (83.2-2894.5 µg) in Huaian, and 138.6 µg (30.0-10,541.6 µg) in Fusui. These data suggest that the co-exposure to AFB(1) and FB(1) in residents of rural China may contribute to the aetiology of human chronic diseases in high-risk areas.
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              Aflatoxins: biosynthesis, occurrence, toxicity, and remedies.

              Food contagion with aflatoxins is the modern concern and has received a great awareness during the last few decades. The intermittent incidence of these toxins in agricultural commodities has negative role on the economy of the affected regions where harvest and postharvest techniques for the prevention of mold growth, are seldom practiced. Aflatoxins are difuranocoumarin derivatives produced by a polyketide pathway by the fungus Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus via polyketide pathway which are highly hepatotoxic, hepatocarcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic in nature and contaminate a wide variety of important agricultural commodities before, during, and after harvest in various environmental conditions. The production of aflatoxins in innate substrates depends upon the various factors, that is, type of substrate, fungal species, moisture contents of the substrate, minerals, humidity, temperature, and physical damage of the kernels. These toxins cause several ailments such as cancer, hepatitis, mutation abnormalities, and reproduction disorders. Minimization and inactivation of aflatoxins contaminants through proper crop management at farm level and with physical, chemical, and biological techniques are the limelight of the article.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ckc@gzcdc.org.cn
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                14 May 2020
                14 May 2020
                2020
                : 10
                : 7973
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8803 2373, GRID grid.198530.6, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, ; Guangzhou, 510440 China
                [2 ]Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510000 China
                Article
                64295
                10.1038/s41598-020-64295-8
                7224072
                32409649
                36000f6c-79f3-4c83-82bb-bcab3167f4d3
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 9 October 2019
                : 14 April 2020
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003785, Guangdong Medical Research Foundation (Guangdong Province Medical Research Foundation);
                Award ID: B2018154
                Award ID: B2018154
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100010842, Guangzhou Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission (Bureau of Health of Guangzhou Municipality);
                Award ID: grant number2017–2019-07
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Project for Key Medicine Discipline Construction of Guangzhou Municipality(grant number2017–2019-07)
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2020

                Uncategorized
                environmental monitoring,risk factors
                Uncategorized
                environmental monitoring, risk factors

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