Prevalence of kidney stones in mainland China: A systematic review

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Abstract

The data on the prevalence of kidney stones in mainland China are still lacking. We performed the present meta-analysis to assess the stone prevalence in mainland China from 1990 through 2016. A total of 18 articles were included. The pooled overall prevalence was 7.54% (95% CI, 5.94–9.15). The prevalence in age groups of <20 years, 20–29 years, 30–39 years, 40–49 years, 50–59 years, and 60 years and older was 0.27%, 3.15%, 5.96%, 8.18%, 9.14%, and 9.68%, respectively, showing that it increased with age. Moreover, the prevalence was 10.34% in males and 6.62% in females, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.63 [95% CI: 1.51–1.76], indicating that males are more likely to suffer from this disease than females. However, urban areas (6.03%, 95% CI: 3.39–8.68) and rural areas (7.48%, 95% CI: 3.39–11.57) did not differ in the stone prevalence rate (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.42–1.68). The prevalence in the year groups of 1991–2000, 2001–2010, and 2011 to date was 5.95%, 8.86%, and 10.63%, respectively, which indicated an increasing trend. Further high-quality surveys throughout mainland China are needed to confirm these findings.

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Most cited references 27

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Urologic diseases in America project: urolithiasis.

Margaret Pearle, Elizabeth Calhoun, Gary Curhan (2005)

We quantified the burden of urolithiasis in the United States by identifying trends in the use of health care resources and estimating the economic impact of the disease. The analytical methods used to generate these results have been described previously. The rate of national inpatient hospitalizations for a diagnosis of urolithiasis decreased by 15% and hospital length of stay decreased from 2.6 to 2.2 days between 1994 and 2000. Rates of hospitalization were 2.5 to 3-fold higher for Medicare beneficiaries with little change between 1992 and 1998. Almost 2 million outpatient visits for a primary diagnosis of urolithiasis were recorded in 2000. Hospital outpatient visits increased by 40% between 1994 and 2000 and physician office visits increased by 43% between 1992 and 2000. In the Medicare population hospital outpatient and office visits increased by 29% and 41%, respectively, between 1992 and 1998. The distribution of surgical procedures remained relatively stable through the 1990s. Shock wave lithotripsy was the most commonly performed procedure, followed closely by ureteroscopy. Overall the total estimated annual expenditure for individuals with claims for a diagnosis of urolithiasis was almost $2.1 billion in 2000, representing a 50% increase since 1994. The cost of urolithiasis is estimated at almost $2 billion annually and it appears to be increasing with time despite a shift in inpatient to outpatient treatment and the emergence of minimally invasive treatment modalities, perhaps because the prevalence of stone disease is increasing.

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Study on the prevalence and incidence of urolithiasis in Germany comparing the years 1979 vs. 2000.

A. Hesse, E. Brändle, D Wilbert … (2003)

In 1979, we conducted a representative study to determine the prevalence and incidence of urolithiasis in Germany. Significant progress in stone therapy and changes in nutritional and environmental factors since then consequently led to a second study in 2001 under the same conditions as in 1979. A representative sample of 7500 persons from all over Germany was questioned on the occurrence of urinary stones during their lifetimes (prevalence) and on acute urolithiasis in 2000 (incidence). Additionally, data were collected on urinary stone therapy and metaphylaxis. The current data were then compared with those from 1979. Prevalence has risen from 4% to 4.7% from 1979 to 2001. 9.7% of the 50-64 year old males in 2000 had already had urinary stones (females: 5.9%). The current recurrence rate of urinary stones was estimated to be 42%. In the year 2000, the incidence of urolithiasis in Germany was found to be 1.47% (1979: 0.54%). Over 40% of the stones were passed spontaneously. There has been a marked increase in the prevalence and incidence of urolithiasis in Germany within the last 22 years. This probably results from improvements in clinical-diagnostic procedures, changes in nutritional and environmental factors and a general apathy towards metabolic clarification and metaphylaxis.

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Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis.

A Ramello, C. Vitale, M Marangella (2015)

The overall probability of forming stones differs in various parts of the world: 1-5% in Asia, 5-9% in Europe, 13% in North America, 20% in Saudi Arabia. The composition of stones and their location in the urinary tract, bladder or kidneys may also significantly differ in different countries. Moreover, in the same region, the clinical and metabolic patterns of stone disease can change over time. We examined some epidemiological evidence about the main risk factors for stone formation, both individual and environmental. A slightly higher rate of renal stone disease emerged in males than in females, and in white Caucasians than in Blacks. Stones in the upper urinary tract appear to be related to the life-style, being more frequent among affluent people, living in developed countries, with high animal protein consumption. Bladder stones are nowadays mainly seen in the Third World, on account of very poor socio-economic conditions. A high frequency of stone formation among hypertensive patients has been reported, and among those with high body mass as well. There is no evidence of any rise in the risk of stone formation in relation to dietary calcium intake or tap water hardness.

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Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep

Title: Scientific Reports

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group

ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322

Publication date (Electronic): 31 January 2017

Publication date Collection: 2017

Volume: 7

Electronic Location Identifier: 41630

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, 100050, China

[2 ]School of Public Health of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of the Prevention and Control of High Prevalence Diseases , Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China

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[a ] bjminiaowwy@ 123456sina.com

[*]

These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Publisher Item ID: srep41630

DOI: 10.1038/srep41630

PMC ID: 5282506

PubMed ID: 28139722

SO-VID: 36931ab3-f6dc-4564-b606-4be75287c058

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Prevalence of kidney stones in mainland China: A systematic review

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Most cited references 27

Urologic diseases in America project: urolithiasis.

Study on the prevalence and incidence of urolithiasis in Germany comparing the years 1979 vs. 2000.

Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis.

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