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      Geometric morphometrics analysis of the hind wing of leaf beetles: proximal and distal parts are separate modules

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          The success of beetles is mainly attributed to the possibility to hide the hindwings under the sclerotised elytra. The acquisition of the transverse folding function of the hind wing is an important event in the evolutionary history of beetles. In this study, the morphological and functional variances in the hind wings of 94 leaf beetle species ( Coleoptera : Chrysomelinae ) is explored using geometric morphometrics based on 36 landmarks. Principal component analysis and Canonical variate analysis indicate that changes of apical area, anal area, and middle area are three useful phylogenetic features at a subtribe level of leaf beetles. Variances of the apical area are the most obvious, which strongly influence the entire venation variance. Partial least squares analysis indicates that the proximal and distal parts of hind wings are weakly associated. Modularity tests confirm that the proximal and distal compartments of hind wings are separate modules. It is deduced that for leaf beetles, or even other beetles, the hind wing possibly exhibits significant functional divergences that occurred during the evolution of transverse folding that resulted in the proximal and distal compartments of hind wings evolving into separate functional modules.

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          Most cited references51

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          Morphological Integration and Developmental Modularity

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            Morphometric integration and modularity in configurations of landmarks: tools for evaluating a priori hypotheses

            Identifying the modular components of a configuration of landmarks is an important task of morphometric analyses in evolutionary developmental biology. Modules are integrated internally by many interactions among their component parts, but are linked to one another only by few or weak interactions. Accordingly, traits within modules are tightly correlated with each other, but relatively independent of traits in other modules. Hypotheses concerning the boundaries of modules in a landmark configuration can therefore be tested by comparing the strength of covariation among alternative partitions of the configuration into subsets of landmarks. If a subdivision coincides with the true boundaries between modules, the correlations among subsets should be minimal. This article introduces Escoufier's RV coefficient and the multi-set RV coefficient as measures of the correlation between two or more subsets of landmarks. These measures can be compared between alternative partitions of the configuration into subsets. Because developmental interactions are tissue bound, it is sensible to require that modules should be spatially contiguous. I propose a criterion for spatial contiguity for sets of landmarks using an adjacency graph. The new methods are demonstrated with data on shape of the wing in Drosophila melanogaster and the mandible of the house mouse.
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              Le Traitement des Variables Vectorielles

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                ZooKeys
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2017
                20 July 2017
                : 685
                : 131-149
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
                [2 ] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
                Author notes
                Corresponding authors: Run-Zhi Zhang ( zhangrz@ 123456ioz.ac.cn ); Si-Qin Ge ( gesq@ 123456ioz.ac.cn )

                Academic editor: M. Schmitt

                Article
                10.3897/zookeys.685.13084
                5646652
                369a16b7-2866-42bc-843d-b5b29dafd2bd
                Jing Ren, Ming Bai, Xing-Ke Yang, Run-Zhi Zhang, Si-Qin Ge

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 5 April 2017
                : 13 June 2017
                Categories
                Research Article

                Animal science & Zoology
                chrysomelinae,evolution,variance,venation,wing folding
                Animal science & Zoology
                chrysomelinae, evolution, variance, venation, wing folding

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