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      Could resistance to lactate accumulation contribute to the better swimming performance of Brycon amazonicus when compared to Colossoma macropomum?

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          Abstract

          Background

          In the wild, matrinchã ( Brycon amazonicus) and tambaqui ( Colossoma macropomum) rely strongly on their swimming capacity to perform feeding, migration and reproductive activities. Sustained swimming speed in fishes is performed almost exclusively by aerobic red muscles. The white muscle has high contraction power, but fatigue quickly, being used mainly in sprints and bursts, with a maximum duration of few seconds. The Ucrit test, an incremental velocity procedure, is mainly a measure of the aerobic capacity of a fish, but with a high participation of anaerobic metabolism close to the velocity of fatigue. Our previous study has indicated a high swimming performance of matrinchã (Ucrit) after hypoxia exposure, despite increased levels of lactate in plasma. In contrast, tambaqui with high lactate levels in plasma presented very low swimming performance. Therefore, we aimed to study the resistance of matrinchã and tambaqui to the increased lactate levels in muscle over an incremental velocity test (Ucrit). As a secondary aim, we analyzed the differences in anaerobic metabolism in response to environmental hypoxia, which could also support the better swimming performance of matrinchã, compared to tambaqui.

          Methods

          We measured, over incremented velocities in both species, the metabolic rate (the oxygen consumption by the fish; MO 2), and the concentrations of lactate and nitrites and nitrates (NOx) in muscles. NOx was measured as an indicator of nitric oxide and its possible role in improving cardiorespiratory capacity in these fishes, which could postpone the use of anaerobic metabolism and lactate production during the swimming test. Also, we submitted fishes until fatigue and hypoxia (0.5 mg L −1) and measured, in addition to the previous parameters, lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH; the enzyme responsible for lactate production), since that swimming performance could also be explained by the anaerobic capacity of producing ATP.

          Results

          Matrinchã exhibited a better swimming performance and higher oxygen consumption rates. Lactate levels were higher in matrinchã only at the moment of fatigue. Under hypoxia, LDH activity increased in the white muscle only in tambaqui, but averages were always higher in matrinchã.

          Discussion and conclusions

          The results suggest that matrinchã is more resistant than tambaqui regarding lactate accumulation in muscle at the Ucrit test, but it is not clear how much it contributes to postpone fatigue. The higher metabolic rate possibly allows the accumulated lactate to be used as aerobic fuel by the matrinchã, improving swimming performance. More studies are needed regarding matrinchã’s ability to oxidize lactate, the effects of exercise on muscle acidification, and the hydrodynamics of these species, to clarify why matrinchã is a better swimmer than tambaqui.

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          Most cited references32

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          Flow-induced release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor.

          To analyze the potential mediator(s) involved in flow-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation, we measured the wall tension of intraluminally perfused canine femoral artery segments and compared the content of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (determined by radioimmunoassay) and the relaxing activity of the effluent (determined by bioassay on canine coronary artery rings). During perfusion at a steady flow of 2 ml/min the effluent contained 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and relaxed the bioassay rings. Sudden increase in steady flow rate to 4 ml/min, or the introduction of pulsatile flow, increased the release of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and induced further relaxations of the bioassay ring. No relaxations were observed with the effluent passing through a femoral artery segment without endothelium. Indomethacin significantly depressed the release of 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha during increases in flow but had no significant effect on the relaxing activity of the effluent. In the presence of indomethacin, increases in flow produced significant relaxation in the perfused femoral artery segments with endothelium. Superoxide dismutase restored the relaxing activity of the effluent during increases in flow at a transit time of 30 seconds. These data demonstrate that in addition to prostacyclin, flow triggers the release of another relaxing substance (or substances) from vascular endothelial cells that has characteristics similar to the endothelium-derived relaxing factor released by acetylcholine.
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            Crucial role of endothelium in the vasodilator response to increased flow in vivo

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              Predator-Mediated Selection on Burst Swimming Performance in Tadpoles of the Pacific Tree Frog, Pseudacris regilla

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                peerj
                peerj
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Francisco, USA )
                2167-8359
                10 October 2018
                2018
                : 6
                : e5719
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Molecular Evolution, Brazilian National Institute for Research of the Amazon , Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
                [2 ]Laboratory of Nutrition and Aquatic Organisms Production, Federal Institute of the Espírito Santo State , Piúma, Espírito Santo, Brazil
                Article
                5719
                10.7717/peerj.5719
                6186156
                36af151b-b0c1-447e-9811-74a9154fd10c
                ©2018 Ferreira et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                : 9 March 2018
                : 11 September 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq)
                Funded by: Amazonas State Research Foundation (FAPEAM)
                Funded by: Brazilian Centre for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)
                This work was funded by a joint grant from the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq) and the Amazonas State Research Foundation (FAPEAM) to INCT-ADAPTA. Adalberto L. Val is the recipient of a research fellowship from the Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq). Marcio S. Ferreira is the recipient of a Post-Doctoral fellowship from the Brazilian Centre for Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Aquaculture, Fisheries and Fish Science
                Biochemistry
                Freshwater Biology

                metabolic rate,fish,lactate dehydrogenase,amazon,fatigue,lactate,nox,ucrit,swimming performance

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