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      Trastornos del sueño e incidencia de ansiedad y depresión en pacientes con dolor crónico no maligno tratados con opioides potentes Translated title: Sleep disorders and incidence of anxiety and depresion in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain treated with strong opioids

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          Abstract

          Introducción: acompañando al dolor están presentes otras funciones biológicamente importantes, no siempre bien reconocidas que suelen denominarse "co morbilidades", una de ellas es el sueño, aunque también se ha demostrado cierta concordancia entre el estado anímico y la nocicepción, siendo los dos estados de ánimo más estudiados y considerados como más relevantes en relación con el dolor crónico, la ansiedad y la depresión. Objetivo: el objetivo principal es evaluar la calidad del sueño en pacientes con dolor crónico no maligno (DCNM) tratados con opioides potentes. Y como objetivos secundarios: analizar la incidencia de ansiedad y depresión en estos pacientes así como comparar la calidad del sueño e incidencia de ansiedad-depresión con distintas variables: tipo de opioide, género, sexo y tipo de dolor. Material y métodos: se consideró como universo del estudio a pacientes con DCNM tratados con el mismo opioide potente durante, al menos, tres meses y que acudieron a la consulta de Unidad del Dolor entre septiembre de 2009 y marzo de 2010. Fueron excluidos pacientes menores de 18 años, aquellos que no quisieron colaborar, diagnosticados de fibromialgia y los que estuvieran en tratamiento psiquiátrico. Como instrumento evaluador del sueño se utilizó el Cuestionario Oviedo de Sueño (COS) y para mensurar el grado de ansiedad-depresión empleamos el Test Hospitalario de Ansiedad y Depresión (HAD) en su valoración global. El análisis estadístico se realizó para las variables cualitativas mediante la χ² de Pearson. Las variables cuantitativas se compararon con un test de Student. Los valores con un p-valor menor que 0,05 fueron aceptados como significativos (95% de intervalo de confianza). Se usó el paquete estadístico SPSS.15 para Windows. Resultados: en la evaluación de los trastornos del sueño se encontraron diferencias significativas según el tipo de opioide consumido, siendo el grupo tratado con hidromorfoma el que mejores resultados presentó en las tres subescalas analizadas: valoración subjetiva del COS, subescala objetiva del insomnio y los que menor cantidad de fármacos consumían para dormir. También encontramos diferencia en la incidencia de ansiedad/depresión, significativamente estadística, en función del tipo de opioide, siendo de nuevo el grupo tratado con hidromorfona el que menor incidencia de afectación psíquica presentaba. No encontramos diferencias significativas en los trastornos del sueño y en la prevalencia de ansiedad-depresión en función de las otras varables: tipo de dolor, o sexo. Conclusiones: en nuestro estudio los pacientes que consumían hidromorfona presentaron mejor calidad del sueño, menor consumo de hipnóticos y un menor índice de padecer un cuadro ansioso-depresivo. Cierto es que, quizá, para corroborar estos resultados y evitar elementos que distorsionen los resultados, habrá, en próximos trabajos, que valorar la presencia de otras variables.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: accompanying pain, other biologically important functions are present which are not always well recognized and which are usually called "co morbidities". One of them is sleep, although it has also been shown some correlation between the state of mood and nociception, being both states the most studied and considered as relevant in relation to chronic pain, anxiety and depression. Objective: the main objective is to evaluate the quality of sleep in patients with chronic nonmalignant pain (CNMP) treated with potent opioids. As secondary objectives: To analyze the incidence of anxiety and depression in these patients and to compare the quality of sleep and incidence of anxiety-depression with different variables: type of opioid, gender, sex and type of pain. Material and methods: we considered the study universe CNMP patients treated with the same strong opioid for at least three months and were seen at the Pain Management Unit between September 2009 and march 2010. Excluded were patients younger than 18 years, those who would not cooperate, diagnosed with fibromyalgia and those who were in psychiatric treatment. As an assessment tool of sleep we used the Oviedo Sleep Questionnaire (COS) and in measuring the degree of anxiety-depression we used the Test Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) on its overall assessment. Statistical analysis for qualitative variables was performed using the Pearson χ2. Quantitative variables were compared with a Student test. Values with a p-value less than 0.05 were accepted as significant (95% confidence interval). We used the statistical package for Windows SPSS.15. Results: in the assessment of sleep disorders there were significant differences according to the type of opioid consumed, being the group treated with Hydromorphone the one with the best results made in the three subscales tested: COS's subjective assessment, objective subscale of insomnia and those who consumed fewer drugs to sleep. We also found differences in the incidence of anxiety / depression, statistically significant, depending on the type of opioid, again being the group treated with Hydromorphone the one with lower incidence of psychological impact. No significant differences were found in sleep disorders and in the prevalence of anxiety-depression in terms of the other variables: type of pain, or sex. Conclusions: in our study, patients who consumed Hydromorphone showed better sleep quality, less use of hypnotics and a lower rate of developing an anxiety-depressive picture. It is true, perhaps, that to corroborate these results and avoid elements that distort them, there will in future works be necessary to assess the presence of other variables.

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          The hospital anxiety and depression scale.

          A self-assessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general hospital practice would facilitate the large task of detection and management of emotional disorder in patients under investigation and treatment in medical and surgical departments.
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            Painful diabetic polyneuropathy: epidemiology, pain description, and quality of life.

            A prospective survey study was performed in patients with painful diabetic polyneuropathy (PDN) to assess the nature and scope of their pain. Pain associated with diabetic neuropathy is commonly encountered in clinical practice. Yet, little is known regarding the pain experience and impact on quality of life in persons with painful diabetic neuropathy. These 105 patients noted an average of 6/10 pain, most often described as 'burning', 'electric', 'sharp', and 'dull/ache', which, for most, is worse at night time and when tired or stressed. On average, patients reported that the pain caused substantial interference in sleep and enjoyment of life and moderate interference in recreational activities, normal work, mobility, general activity, social activities, and mood. Unexpectedly, a potential genetic predisposition to the development of painful neuropathy was suggested by the fact that a majority (56%) reported a family member with PDN. Thus, this study found that pain associated with diabetic neuropathy is a significant medical issue that has a substantial impact on the quality of life of many people with this condition.
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              Self-reported sleep disturbances in employed women.

              Jae K. Lee (1992)
              To explore the incidence and types of sleep disturbances in employed women, 760 registered nurses completed a health survey that included questions about their sleep patterns and sleep quality. Comparisons are made between those nurses working permanent day, permanent evening, permanent night, and rotating shifts. As expected, there were higher incidences of sleep disturbances and excessive sleepiness for women working night and rotating shifts, but age and family factors, rather than caffeine and alcohol intake, contributed to the differences in types of sleep disturbances these women experienced.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                dolor
                Revista de la Sociedad Española del Dolor
                Rev. Soc. Esp. Dolor
                Inspira Network Group, S.L (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1134-8046
                April 2012
                : 19
                : 2
                : 49-58
                Affiliations
                [01] Guadix orgnameHospital de Ata Resolución de Guadix orgdiv1Servicio de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Unidad del Dolor
                Article
                S1134-80462012000200002
                36b93f41-fa6e-4126-ab69-f2911577a55c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 October 2010
                : 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 10
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                SciELO Spain


                Trastornos del sueño,Ansiedad-depresión,Opioides potentes,Sleep disorders,Anxiety-depression,Potent opioids

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