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      Cross-sectional associations between intensity of animal and human infection with Schistosoma japonicum in Western Samar province, Philippines Translated title: Associations transversales entre l'intensité des infestations animale et humaine par Schistosoma japonicum dans la province du Samar occidental, aux Philippines Translated title: Asociación transversal entre la intensidad de los casos de infección por Schistosoma japonicum en los animales y en el hombre en la provincia de Samar occidental, Filipinas

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To estimate the association between the intensity of animal infection with Schistosoma japonicum and human infection in Western Samar province, the Philippines. METHODS: We conducted an observational cross-sectional study of 1425 households in 50 villages. Stool samples were collected on each of 1-3 days from 5623 humans, 1275 cats, 1189 dogs, 1899 pigs, 663 rats and 873 water buffalo. Intensity of infection with S. japonicum was measured by the number of eggs per gram (EPG). Egg counts were done using the Kato-Katz method. We used a Bayesian hierarchical cumulative logit model, with adjustments for age, sex, occupation and measurement error. FINDINGS: The adjusted proportions of humans lightly infected (classified as 1-100 EPG) was 17.7% (95% Bayesian credible interval = 15.3-20.2%); the proportion classified as at least moderately infected (>100 EPG) was 3.2% (2.2-4.6%). The crude parasitological results for animals indicated that 37 cats (2.9%), 228 dogs (19.2%), 39 pigs (2.1%), 199 rats (30.0%) and 28 water buffalo (3.2%) were infected. In univariate analyses the odds ratios corresponding to a unit increase in the mean number of EPG at the village-level in dogs was 1.05 (1.01-1.09), in cats 1.35 (1.02-1.78), in pigs 1.16 (0.24- 5.18) and in rats 1.00 (1.00-1.01). Mean EPG values in cats, dogs, pigs and rats were correlated with one another. This confounding made interpreting the odds ratios difficult, but the odds ratios for dogs and cats were more consistent. CONCLUSION: S. japonicum is endemic in areas of the Philippines despite implementation of control programmes. This may be due to the association of infections in dogs and cats with human infections. Infection control in dogs and cats is challenging, and there is a need to develop new methods to control transmission across all species.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIF: Evaluer l'association entre l'intensité de l'infestation des animaux par Schistosoma japonicum et l'infestation des êtres humains par cette espèce dans la province du Samar occidental, aux Philippines. MÉTHODES: Une étude transversale d'observation a été menée auprès de 1425 ménages, dans 50 villages. Des échantillons de selles ont été recueillis quotidiennement sur une période de 3 jours, auprès de 5623 êtres humains, 1275 chats, 1189 chiens, 1899 porcs, 663 rats et 873 buffles d'eau. L'intensité de l'infestation par S. japonicum a été mesurée par le nombre d'œufs par gramme (EPG). Le comptage des œufs a été effectué par la méthode de Kato-Katz. Un modèle logit hierarchisé cumulatif de type bayésien, avec des ajustements pour tenir compte de l'âge, du sexe, de la profession et de l'erreur de mesure, a été utilisé. RÉSULTATS: La proportion ajustée d'êtres humains légèrement infestés (catégorie correspondant à 1-100 EPG) était de 17,7 % (intervalle de crédibilité bayésien à 95 % = 15,3 - 20,2 %) et celle d'humains modérément infestés (> 100 EPG) de 3,2 % (2,2 à 4,6 %). Les résultats parasitologiques bruts pour les animaux ont indiqué que 37 chats (2,9 %), 228 chiens (49,2 %), 39 porcs (2,1 %), 199 rats (30,0 %) et 28 buffles d'eau (3,2 %) étaient infestés. Dans les analyses monovariées, les odds-ratios correspondant à l'augmentation d'une unité du nombre moyen d'EPG au niveau du village chez les chiens était de 1,05 (1,01-1,09), chez les chats de 1,35 (1,02- 1,78), chez les porcs de 1,16 (0,24-5,18) et chez les rats de 1,00 (1,00-1,01). Les valeurs moyennes de l'EPG chez les chats, les chiens, les porcs et les rats étaient corrélées entre elles. Ce facteur de confusion a rendu difficile l'interprétation des odds-ratios, mais on a constaté une plus grande stabilité entre les odds-ratios pour les chiens et les chats. CONCLUSION: S. japonicum est endémique dans certaines zones des Philippines en dépit de la mise en œuvre de programmes de lutte. Cette situation peut être due à l'association d'infestations canines et félines à des infestations humaines. La lutte contre l'infestation des chiens et des chats représente un vrai défi et il est nécessaire de mettre au point de nouvelles méthodes pour endiguer la transmission entre les espèces.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Estimar la relación entre la intensidad de las infecciones animales por Schistosoma japonicum y la de la infección humana correspondiente en la provincia de Samar occidental de Filipinas. MÉTODOS: Realizamos un estudio transversal observacional de 1425 hogares en 50 aldeas. Se recogieron muestras de heces de forma diaria durante 1-3 días en 5623 personas, 1275 gatos, 1189 perros, 1899 cerdos, 663 ratas y 873 búfalos de agua. La intensidad de la infección por S. japonicum se midió en función del número de huevos por gramo (HPG). Los recuentos de huevos se hicieron mediante el método de Kato-Katz, y utilizamos un modelo logit acumulativo jerárquico de tipo bayesiano, con ajustes para la edad, el sexo, la ocupación y el error de medición. RESULTADOS: La proporción ajustada de personas con infección ligera (1 - 100 HPG) fue del 17,7% (intervalo creíble bayesiano del 95% = 15,3% - 20,2%), y la proporción clasificada como afectada moderadamente (HPG > 100) fue del 3,2% (2,2% - 4,6%). Los resultados parasitológicos brutos para los animales mostraron que estaban infectados 37 gatos (2,9%), 228 perros (19,2%), 39 cerdos (2,1%), 199 ratas (30,0%) y 28 búfalos de agua (3,2%). En los análisis con una variable las razones de posibilidades (OR) correspondientes a un aumento de una unidad del número medio de HPG a nivel de aldea fueron de 1,05 (1,01 - 1,09) en los perros, 1,35 (1,02 - 1,78) en los gatos, 1,16 (0,24 - 5,18) en los cerdos, y 1,00 (1,00 - 1,01) en las ratas. Los valores medios de HPG en los gatos, perros, cerdos y ratas estaban correlacionados entre sí. Este factor de confusión dificultó la interpretación de las OR, pero las OR de perros y gatos fueron más coherentes. CONCLUSIÓN: S. japonicum es endémico en algunas zonas de Filipinas pese a la puesta en práctica de los programas de control. Ello puede deberse a la asociación de la infección en perros y gatos a las infecciones humanas. El control de la infección en esas dos especies no resulta fácil, de ahí la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos métodos para controlar la transmisión a través de todas las especies.

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          Most cited references39

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          Schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China: prospects and challenges for the 21st century.

          Schistosomiasis japonica is a serious communicable disease and a major disease risk for more than 30 million people living in the tropical and subtropical zones of China. Infection remains a major public health concern despite 45 years of intensive control efforts. It is estimated that 865,000 people and 100,250 bovines are today infected in the provinces where the disease is endemic, and its transmission continues. Unlike the other schistosome species known to infect humans, the oriental schistosome, Schistosoma japonicum, is a true zoonotic organism, with a range of mammalian reservoirs, making control efforts extremely difficult. Clinical features of schistosomiasis range from fever, headache, and lethargy to severe fibro-obstructive pathology leading to portal hypertension, ascites, and hepatosplenomegaly, which can cause premature death. Infected children are stunted and have cognitive defects impairing memory and learning ability. Current control programs are heavily based on community chemotherapy with a single dose of the drug praziquantel, but vaccines (for use in bovines and humans) in combination with other control strategies are needed to make elimination of the disease possible. In this article, we provide an overview of the biology, epidemiology, clinical features, and prospects for control of oriental schistosomiasis in the People's Republic of China.
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            Estimating sensitivity and specificity of a faecal examination method for Schistosoma japonicum infection in cats, dogs, water buffaloes, pigs, and rats in Western Samar and Sorsogon Provinces, The Philippines.

            Schistosoma japonicum causes a chronic parasitic disease, which persists as a major public health concern in The Philippines, the People's Republic of China and Indonesia. This infection is unique among helminthic zoonoses because it can infect humans and more than 40 other mammals. The objective of this study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory technique in cats, dogs, pigs, water buffaloes and rats in the Philippines. Faecal samples from each animal were collected on up to five occasions on five consecutive days in four villages of Sorsogon and Western Samar Provinces between January and July 2003. The faecal samples were analysed with the filtration and sedimentation Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory technique. Sensitivity and specificity of one, two, three, four, and five faecal samples were estimated using a Bayesian latent class approach. A total of 59, 43, 74, and 80% of the censored cats, dogs, pigs, and water buffaloes in the four villages were sampled, respectively. For all species, the sensitivity estimates when using the results of only 1 day of sampling were less than 80%. However, the sensitivity improved to at least 96% in all species when three or more faecal samples were collected on three separate days. The specificity was estimated to be above 92% across all species, even if just a single sample is used. The prevalences and 95% credible intervals of S. japonicum, adjusted for imperfect sensitivity and specificity, in cats, dogs, pigs, rats, and water buffaloes were 11.9% (6.8-18.3%), 19.9% (15.1-25.2%), 2.9% (1.1-5.2%), 31.3% (18.3-45.6%) and 6.3% (2.1-12.6%), respectively. Our results suggest that the Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory technique is valid for the detection of infection with S. japonicum in animals, and that sensitivity estimates are excellent when faecal samples are collected on at least three different days. Monitoring S. japonicum infection in animal reservoirs with a valid test could contribute to more effective public health control programmes.
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              A baseline study on the importance of bovines for human Schistosoma japonicum infection around Poyang Lake, China.

              We hypothesize that bovine infections are responsible for the persistence of human schistosomiasis transmission in the Yangtze marshlands of China. To test this hypothesis, we are carrying out a comparative intervention among four administrative villages in the Poyang Lake region, Jiangxi Province, two of which are experimental and two are control. The primary design involves treating, at the onset of the study, all the inhabitants in all four villages with praziquantel and all the bovines in two villages (the experimental or intervention villages). Following treatment, rates of reinfection in people of all villages, and in bovines in the experimental villages, will be assessed as will the ongoing prevalence of infection in bovines in the control villages. Before treatment, the prevalence and intensity of infection among humans and bovines was ascertained in the four villages. Our study design and baseline information are presented here, along with a description of the ecology of the study villages.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                June 2006
                : 84
                : 6
                : 446-452
                Affiliations
                [06] Montreal Quebec orgnameMcGill University orgdiv1Faculty of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Canada
                [07] Frederiksberg orgnameRoyal Veterinary and Agricultural University orgdiv1WHO/FAO Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Other Parasitic Zoonoses Denmark
                [02] Oklahoma City orgnameUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center orgdiv1College of Public Health orgdiv2Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics USA
                [05] Leyte orgnameLeyte State University orgdiv1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Philippines
                [01] Providence RI orgnameBrown University orgdiv1International Health Institute USA
                [04] Montreal Quebec orgnameMcGill University Health Center orgdiv1Montreal General Hospital orgdiv2Division of Clinical Epidemiology Canada
                [03] Muntinlupa City orgnameResearch Institute for Tropical Medicine Philippines
                Article
                S0042-96862006000600013 S0042-9686(06)08400613
                36bf35a6-9510-4e10-8dce-a9fc6447defc

                History
                : 23 January 2006
                : 24 December 2005
                : 02 September 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
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                Research

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