Prevalence of Malocclusion in Permanent Dentition of Iranian Population: A Review Article

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Abstract

Background:

The aim of this study was systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence in current and relevant literature about this developmental disorder to present the profile of malocclusion in Iran.

Methods:

This review study was carried out with systematically identified and critically assessed studies reporting malocclusion prevalence among Iranian population in permanent dentition. National and international databases were searched for articles about prevalence of malocclusion by Angle classification in different regions of Iran from 1994 to 2015. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, the quality of articles was checked by professional checklist. Data extraction and meta-analysis was performed. A random-effect model was employed. Publication bias was checked.

Results:

Of 2768 articles, 21 cases were included. The pooled prevalence of malocclusion was about 87% (95% CI: 78.3–92.2) in Iranian population; however, the prevalence of malocclusion across individual studies varied considerably (ranging from 23.7% to 99.7%). Prevalence of normal occlusion, class I, II and III malocclusion were reported as 13.3% (CI 95%: 7.8–21.7), 50.7% (CI 95%: 42.9–58.4), 21% (CI 95%: 17.5–25.1), 5.5% (CI 95%: 3–10); respectively. Maximum prevalence of malocclusion was in the East of Iran.

Conclusion:

The results showed a high prevalence of malocclusion in Iranian population. The baseline information could be appropriately utilized for the future planning to meet the orthodontic treatment need among the Iranian population.

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Most cited references 64

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Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey.

L J Moray, William R Proffit, H Fields (1997)

Data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) provide a clear picture of malocclusion in the US population. Noticeable incisor irregularity occurs in the majority of all racial/ethnic groups, with only 35% of adults having well-aligned mandibular incisors. Irregularity is severe enough in 15% that both social acceptability and function could be affected, and major arch expansion or extraction of some teeth would be required for correction. About 20% of the population have deviations from the ideal bite relationship; in 2% these are severe enough to be disfiguring and are at the limit for orthodontic correction. In Mexican-Americans compared to the rest of the population, incisor irregularity and both severe Class II and Class III malocclusions are more prevalent, but deep bite and open bite are less prevalent. Application of the Index of Treatment Need to the survey data reveals that 57% to 59% of each racial/ethnic group has at least some degree of orthodontic treatment need. Over 30% of white youths, 11% of Mexican-Americans, and 8% of blacks report receiving treatment. Severe malocclusion is observed more frequently among blacks, which may reflect their lower level of treatment. Treatment is much more frequent in higher income groups, but approximately 5% of those in the lowest income group and 10% to 15% of those in intermediate income groups report being treated.

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Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development.

Alejandra L Tamez-Peña, C Infante, S Parada … (2001)

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion in a population of Bogotanian children and adolescents in terms of different degrees of severity in relation to sex and specific stages of dental development, in order to evaluate the need for orthodontic treatment in this part of Colombia. A sample of 4724 children (5-17 years of age) was randomly selected from a population that attended the Dental Health Service; none had been orthodontically treated. Based on their dental stages the subjects were grouped into deciduous, early mixed, late mixed and permanent dentition. The registrations were performed according to a method by Björk et al. (1964). The need for orthodontic treatment was evaluated according to an index used by the Swedish National Board of Health. The results showed that 88 per cent of the subjects had some type of anomaly, from mild to severe, half of them recorded as occlusal anomalies, one-third as space discrepancies, and one-fifth as dental anomalies. No clear sex differences were noted, except for maxillary overjet, spacing, tooth size (all more frequent in boys), and crowding (more frequent in girls). Occlusal anomalies and space discrepancies varied in the different dental developmental periods, as did tipped and rotated teeth. Little need for orthodontic treatment was found in 35 per cent and moderate need in 30 per cent. A great need was estimated in 20 per cent, comprising children with prenormal occlusion, maxillary overjet, or overbite (> 6 mm), posterior unilateral crossbite with midline deviation (> 2 mm), severe crowding or spacing, congenitally missing maxillary incisors, impacted maxillary canines or anterior open bite (> 3 mm in the permanent dentition). Urgent need for treatment was estimated to be 3 per cent, comprising subjects with extreme post- and pre-normal occlusion, impacted maxillary incisors or extensive aplasia.

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Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11- to 14-year-old children.

A Borzabadi Farahani, Faezeh Eslamipour (2009)

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusions, occlusal traits, and their gender distribution in urban Iranian school children. Five hundred and two subjects (253 females and 249 males, aged 11-14 years) were examined. Molar relationship, overjet (OJ), overbite, midline deviation, crossbite, and crowding/spacing were recorded. Gender dimorphism was evaluated by the chi-square test. According to the classification of Angle, the prevalence of Class I, Class II division 1, Class II division 2, and Class III malocclusions was 41.8, 24.1, 3.4, and 7.8 per cent, respectively. Symmetric molar relationship was present in 69.5 per cent. An OJ of at least 3.5 mm or more was present in 28.1 per cent; an OJ of more than 6 mm in 3.6 per cent, and 4.2 per cent had a reverse OJ. A normal overbite was observed in 60.4 per cent, while 34.5 per cent had an increased and 2.2 per cent a very deep overbite. An anterior open bite (AOB) was present in 1.6 per cent and a scissor bite or anterior crossbite in 2 and 8.4 per cent, respectively. A posterior crossbite was observed in 12.4 per cent (8.4 per cent unilateral, 2 per cent bilateral, and 2 per cent in association with an anterior crossbite). Midline deviation was present in 23.7 per cent. Severe crowding (>or=5.1 mm) was observed in 16.7 and 10.8 per cent and spacing in 18.9 and 20.7 per cent of the maxillary and mandibular arches, respectively. Significant gender differences were found for overbite (P < 0.001), midline deviation (P < 0.05), and maxillary and mandibular arch crowding/spacing (P < 0.05). The prevalence of Class II malocclusions was comparable with Caucasians; however, the most severe forms of Class II malocclusions were rare in this Iranian population. The relative prevalence of Class III malocclusions in the present study was greater than in Caucasians. Crowding was the most common dental anomaly in both arches.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Public Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran. J. Public Health

Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPH

Journal ID (pmc): IJPH

Title: Iranian Journal of Public Health

Publisher: Tehran University of Medical Sciences

ISSN (Print): 2251-6085

ISSN (Electronic): 2251-6093

Publication date (Print): February 2018

Volume: 47

Issue: 2

Pages: 178-187

Affiliations

[1. ]Dental Research Center, Dept. of Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

[2. ]Dental students’ Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

[3. ]Dept. of Medical Education, Medical Education Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

Author notes

[* ] Corresponding Author: Email: eslamipour@ 123456dnt.mui.ac.ir

Article

Publisher ID: ijph-47-178

PMC ID: 5810380

PubMed ID: 29445627

SO-VID: 36d80170-8636-443a-a38b-ad87fcb37f4b

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Prevalence of Malocclusion in Permanent Dentition of Iranian Population: A Review Article

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European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology

Most cited references 64

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in the United States: estimates from the NHANES III survey.

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development.

Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11- to 14-year-old children.

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