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      The lowest diploid number in Testudines: Banding patterns, telomeric and 45S rDNA FISH in Peltocephalus dumerilianus, 2n = 26 and FN = 52 (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae)

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          Abstract

          The karyotype of the big-headed Amazon River turtle, Peltocephalus dumerilianus, is characterized based on a sample of seven juveniles from Reserva Biológica do Rio Trombetas, Pará State, Brazil (1°30′ S, 56°34′ W). Here we present the first results on GTG and CBG-banding patterns, Ag-NOR staining and FISH, with telomeric and 45S rDNA sequences as probes. A cytogenetic comparison with related Podocnemidae is also provided.

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          A rapid banding technique for human chromosomes.

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            A colchicine, hypotonic citrate, squash sequence for mammalian chromosomes.

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              Chromosomal mapping of repetitive DNAs in the beetle Dichotomius geminatus provides the first evidence for an association of 5S rRNA and histone H3 genes in insects, and repetitive DNA similarity between the B chromosome and A complement.

              Chromosomal banding techniques and repetitive DNA mapping are useful tools in comparative analysis and in the elucidation of genome organization of several groups of eukaryotes. In this study, we contributed to the knowledge of Coleoptera genomes by reporting the chromosomal organization of repetitive DNA sequences, as well as the presence and characteristics of a B chromosome in two natural populations of Dichotomius geminatus (Coleoptera; Scarabaeidae) using classical, chromosomal banding and molecular cytogenetic techniques. As in other coleopteran species, the heterochromatin was mainly concentrated in pericentromeric regions and the B chromosome was composed almost entirely of heterochromatin. Physical mapping using double fluorescent in situ hybridization was performed for the first time in Coleoptera; using DNA probes for 5S and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and histone H3 genes, we showed that ribosomal 18S rDNAs are located in chromosomes 3 and 4, whereas 5S rRNA and histone H3 genes are colocalized in chromosomal pair 2 and show an apparently interspersed organization. Moreover, these genes are not present in the B chromosome, suggesting that the B chromosome did not originate from chromosomal pairs 2, 3 or 4. On the other hand, mapping of the C(0)t-1 DNA fraction showed that the B chromosome is enriched in repetitive DNA elements, also present in the standard complement, indicating an intraspecific origin of this element in D. geminatus. These results will contribute to our understanding of genome organization and evolution of repetitive elements in Coleoptera and other insects regarding both A and B chromosomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Genet Mol Biol
                Genet. Mol. Biol
                GMB
                Genetics and Molecular Biology
                Sociedade Brasileira de Genética (Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil )
                1415-4757
                1678-4685
                March 2014
                28 February 2013
                : 37
                : 1
                : 61-63
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
                [2 ]Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Send correspondence to Yatiyo Yonenaga-Yassuda. Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 277, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: yyassuda@ 123456ib.usp.br .
                Article
                gmb-37-61
                3958327
                36e52609-af48-4989-aee9-d72414e86407
                Copyright © 2014, Sociedade Brasileira de Genética.

                License information: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 01 November 2013
                : 28 November 2013
                Categories
                Animal Genetics
                Short Communication

                Molecular biology
                big-headed amazon river turtle,molecular cytogenetics,pelomedusoides
                Molecular biology
                big-headed amazon river turtle, molecular cytogenetics, pelomedusoides

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