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      Neurobiological mechanisms of anhedonia Translated title: Mecanismos neurobiológicos de la anhedonia Translated title: Mécanismes neurobiologiques de l'anhédonie

      research-article
      , MD, PhD *
      Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
      Les Laboratoires Servier
      depression, mood, striatum, orbitofrontal, anhedonia, accumbens

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          Abstract

          Anhedonia refers to the reduced ability to experience pleasure, and has been studied in different neuropsychiatrie disorders. Anhedonia is nevertheless considered as a core feature of major depressive disorder, according to DSM-IV criteria for major depression and the definition of melancholic subtype, and regarding its capacity to predict antidepressant response. Behavioral, electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and interview-based measures and selfreports have been used to assess anhedonia, but the most interesting findings concern neuropharmacological and neuroanatomical studies. The analyses of anhedonic nonclinical subjects, nonanhedonic depressed patients, and depressed patients with various levels of anhedonia seem to favor the hypothesis that the severity of anhedonia is associated with a deficit of activity of the ventral striatum (including the nucleus accumbens) and an excess of activity of ventral region of the prefrontal cortex (including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex), with a pivotal, but not exclusive, role of dopamine.

          Translated abstract

          El término anhedonia se refiere a la disminución de la capacidad de experimentar placer, y ha sido estudiada en diferentes trastornos neuropsíquíá-tricos. Sin embargo, la anhedonia se considera una característica central del trastorno depresivo mayor, de acuerdo con los criterios del DSM-IV para depresión mayor y la definición del subtipo melancólico, respecto a su capacidad para predecir la respuesta antidepresiva. Para evaluar la anhedonia se han empleado mediciones conductuales, electro fisiológicas, hemodinámicas y otras basadas en entrevistas y auto-reportes, pero los hallazgos más interesantes se relacionan con estudios neurofar-macológicos y neuroanatómícos. El análisis de sujetos no clínicos con anhedonia, de pacientes depresivos sin anhedonia y de pacientes depresivos con diferentes grados de anhedonia parecen favorecer la hipótesis que postula que la gravedad de la anhedonia se asocia con un déficit de actividad del estriado ventral (incluyendo el núcleo accumbens) y un exceso de actividad de la región ventral de la corteza prefrontal (incluyendo la corteza prefron-tal ventromedíalyla corteza orbítofrontal), con un papel central aunque no exclusivo de la dopamina.

          Translated abstract

          L'anhédonie est définie par une capacité diminuée à éprouver du plaisir. Présente dans différents troubles neuropsychiatriques, elle est néanmoins considérée comme un symptôme clé de la dépression selon les critères DSM-IV de l'épisode dépressif majeur, fait partie intégrante du caractère mélancolique de l'épisode dépressif et est proposée comme facteur prédictif de la réponse aux antidépresseurs. L'anhédonie a été évaluée par des mesures comportementales, électrophysiologiques, hémodynamiques ainsi que par l'interrogatoire et l'autoévaluation. Les résultats des études neuropharmacologiques et neuroanatomiques sont néanmoins les plus intéressants. L'analyse de sujets anhédoniques non cliniques, de patients déprimés nonanhédoniques et de patients déprimés ayant des degrés variés d'anhédonie, est en faveur de l'hypothèse d'une corrélation entre la sévérité de l'anhédonie et un déficit de l'activité du striatum ventral (noyau accumbens compris), un excès d'activité de la région ventrale du cortex prefrontal (cortex prefrontal ventromédian et cortex orbitofrontal compris), et un rôle central, mais non exclusif, de la dopamine.

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          Most cited references90

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          Neurobiology of emotion perception I: The neural basis of normal emotion perception.

          There is at present limited understanding of the neurobiological basis of the different processes underlying emotion perception. We have aimed to identify potential neural correlates of three processes suggested by appraisalist theories as important for emotion perception: 1) the identification of the emotional significance of a stimulus; 2) the production of an affective state in response to 1; and 3) the regulation of the affective state. In a critical review, we have examined findings from recent animal, human lesion, and functional neuroimaging studies. Findings from these studies indicate that these processes may be dependent upon the functioning of two neural systems: a ventral system, including the amygdala, insula, ventral striatum, and ventral regions of the anterior cingulate gyrus and prefrontal cortex, predominantly important for processes 1 and 2 and automatic regulation of emotional responses; and a dorsal system, including the hippocampus and dorsal regions of anterior cingulate gyrus and prefrontal cortex, predominantly important for process 3. We suggest that the extent to which a stimulus is identified as emotive and is associated with the production of an affective state may be dependent upon levels of activity within these two neural systems.
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            Abstract reward and punishment representations in the human orbitofrontal cortex.

            The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in emotion and emotion-related learning. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we measured brain activation in human subjects doing an emotion-related visual reversal-learning task in which choice of the correct stimulus led to a probabilistically determined 'monetary' reward and choice of the incorrect stimulus led to a monetary loss. Distinct areas of the OFC were activated by monetary rewards and punishments. Moreover, in these areas, we found a correlation between the magnitude of the brain activation and the magnitude of the rewards and punishments received. These findings indicate that one emotional involvement of the human orbitofrontal cortex is its representation of the magnitudes of abstract rewards and punishments, such as receiving or losing money.
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              Dissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI.

              Reward processing involves both appetitive and consummatory phases. We sought to examine whether reward anticipation vs outcomes would recruit different regions of ventral forebrain circuitry using event-related fMRI. Nine healthy volunteers participated in a monetary incentive delays task in which they either responded to a cued target for monetary reward, responded to a cued target for no reward, or did not respond to a cued target during scanning. Multiple regression analyses indicated that while anticipation of reward vs non-reward activated foci in the ventral striatum, reward vs non-reward outcomes activated foci in the ventromedial frontal cortex. These findings suggest that reward anticipation and outcomes may differentially recruit distinct regions that lie along the trajectory of ascending dopamine projections.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                INSERM U675, Institut Fédératif de Recherche (IFR 02), Faculty Xavier Bichat, Paris, France; AP-HP, Service de Psychiatrie Adulte, Louis Mourier Hospital (Paris Diderot), Colombes, France
                Journal
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues Clin Neurosci
                Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience
                Les Laboratoires Servier (France )
                1294-8322
                1958-5969
                September 2008
                : 10
                : 3
                : 291-299
                Affiliations
                INSERM U675, Institut Fédératif de Recherche (IFR 02), Faculty Xavier Bichat, Paris, France; AP-HP, Service de Psychiatrie Adulte, Louis Mourier Hospital (Paris Diderot), Colombes, France
                Author notes
                Article
                10.31887/DCNS.2008.10.3/pgorwood
                3181880
                18979942
                36e953c0-4cc8-4876-8cac-ac1b058f6a2a
                Copyright: © 2008 LLS

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Categories
                Translational Research

                Neurosciences
                mood,anhedonia,accumbens,depression,orbitofrontal,striatum
                Neurosciences
                mood, anhedonia, accumbens, depression, orbitofrontal, striatum

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