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      Individual EEG measures of attention, memory, and motivation predict population level TV viewership and Twitter engagement

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          Abstract

          Television (TV) programming attracts ever-growing audiences and dominates the cultural zeitgeist. Viewership and social media engagement have become standard indices of programming success. However, accurately predicting individual episode success or future show performance using traditional metrics remains a challenge. Here we examine whether TV viewership and Twitter activity can be predicted using electroencephalography (EEG) measures, which are less affected by reporting biases and which are commonly associated with different cognitive processes. 331 participants watched an hour-long episode from one of nine prime-time shows (~36 participants per episode). Three frequency-based measures were extracted: fronto-central alpha/beta asymmetry (indexing approach motivation), fronto-central alpha/theta power (indexing attention), and fronto-central theta/gamma power (indexing memory processing). All three EEG measures and the composite EEG score significantly correlated across episode segments with the two behavioral measures of TV viewership and Twitter volume. EEG measures explained more variance than either of the behavioral metrics and mediated the relationship between the two. Attentional focus was integral for both audience retention and Twitter activity, while emotional motivation was specifically linked with social engagement and program segments with high TV viewership. These findings highlight the viability of using EEG measures to predict success of TV programming and identify cognitive processes that contribute to audience engagement with television shows.

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          Most cited references93

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          Alpha-band oscillations, attention, and controlled access to stored information

          Alpha-band oscillations are the dominant oscillations in the human brain and recent evidence suggests that they have an inhibitory function. Nonetheless, there is little doubt that alpha-band oscillations also play an active role in information processing. In this article, I suggest that alpha-band oscillations have two roles (inhibition and timing) that are closely linked to two fundamental functions of attention (suppression and selection), which enable controlled knowledge access and semantic orientation (the ability to be consciously oriented in time, space, and context). As such, alpha-band oscillations reflect one of the most basic cognitive processes and can also be shown to play a key role in the coalescence of brain activity in different frequencies.
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            New vistas for alpha-frequency band oscillations.

            The amplitude of alpha-frequency band (8-14 Hz) activity in the human electroencephalogram is suppressed by eye opening, visual stimuli and visual scanning, whereas it is enhanced during internal tasks, such as mental calculation and working memory. alpha-Frequency band oscillations have hence been thought to reflect idling or inhibition of task-irrelevant cortical areas. However, recent data on alpha-amplitude and, in particular, alpha-phase dynamics posit a direct and active role for alpha-frequency band rhythmicity in the mechanisms of attention and consciousness. We propose that simultaneous alpha-, beta- (14-30 Hz) and gamma- (30-70 Hz) frequency band oscillations are required for unified cognitive operations, and hypothesize that cross-frequency phase synchrony between alpha, beta and gamma oscillations coordinates the selection and maintenance of neuronal object representations during working memory, perception and consciousness.
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              The role of asymmetric frontal cortical activity in emotion-related phenomena: a review and update.

              Conceptual and empirical approaches to the study of the role of asymmetric frontal cortical activity in emotional processes are reviewed. Although early research suggested that greater left than right frontal cortical activity was associated with positive affect, more recent research, primarily on anger, suggests that greater left than right frontal cortical activity is associated with approach motivation, which can be positive (e.g., enthusiasm) or negative in valence (e.g., anger). In addition to reviewing this research on anger, research on guilt, bipolar disorder, and various types of positive affect is reviewed with relation to their association with asymmetric frontal cortical activity. The reviewed research not only contributes to a more complete understanding of the emotive functions of asymmetric frontal cortical activity, but it also points to the importance of considering motivational direction as separate from affective valence in psychological models of emotional space. Copyright © 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: InvestigationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                28 March 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 3
                : e0214507
                Affiliations
                [1 ] R&D department, Nielsen Consumer Neuroscience, Berkeley, California, United States of America
                [2 ] Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
                [3 ] Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
                La Sapienza University of Rome, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: AYS, KK, VK, and RG are employees and RTK has served as a paid consultant in the Consumer Neuroscience division of the Nielsen Company. KK and RG own Nielsen stock (Nielsen Holdings PLC; NYSE: NLSN). RG and RTK have been awarded numerous patents in the field of consumer neuroscience. The Consumer Neuroscience division of the Nielsen Company provided funds and operational support for this study. The company president and executive team had no direct influence on study design, stimuli selection, data collection, data analysis, results interpretation, or manuscript preparation. Author’s employment and remuneration do not depend on the outcomes or publication of this study. The authors declare no other financial or otherwise competing conflicts of interest. The present competing interests do not alter authors’ adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1734-8153
                Article
                PONE-D-18-24038
                10.1371/journal.pone.0214507
                6438528
                30921406
                36ed96fc-3416-4eb6-a9a2-cb3a31ad9cfd
                © 2019 Shestyuk et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 14 August 2018
                : 14 March 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 2, Pages: 27
                Funding
                Funded by: Nielsen Company
                Award Recipient :
                The study was funded by the Nielsen Company. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. AYS, KK, VK, and RG are employees of the Consumer Neuroscience division of the Nielsen Company, and RTK is a paid consultant. The Consumer Neuroscience division of the Nielsen Company provided support in the form of salaries for authors AYS, KK, VK and RG and consultant fees to RTK, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
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