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      Increased enzymatic activity in rice leaf blast suppression by crude extract of Epicoccum sp

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          Abstract

          Epicoccum sp. showed in vitro antagonism to the rice pathogens Magnaporthe oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani, Sarocladium oryzae, Monographella albescens and Cochliobolus miyabeanus in dual culture. The colony growth of the rice blast fungus, M. oryzae, was reduced by 42.50%. The lethal doses (LD50) determined based on probit-log dosage response curves at 3 and 6 hours after germination were 393.0 and 326.6 ppm, respectively. The crude extract (600 ppm) reduced appressorial formation by 95.68%. A greenhouse experiment comparing the relative efficiency of conidial suspension and crude extract of Epicoccum sp. in the suppression of leaf blast showed no statistical difference between both application methods. However, the crude extract of Epicoccum sp. (4000 ppm) 48 hours before the application of M. oryzae induced resistance and suppressed leaf blast by 97.6%. Scanning electron microscopy of rice leaves inoculated with crude extract of Epicoccum sp. and challenged with M. oryzae showed appressorial deformation on penetration phase. Peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanase activities increased in plants sprayed with crude extract of Epicoccum sp., 24 hours after the application of the challenger. PAL as well as chitinase activities increased 72 hours after challenge inoculation. Epicoccum sp. was shown to be a potential antagonist and inducer of resistance against M. oryzae.

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          A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding

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            Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health.

            The past two decades have seen an increasing number of virulent infectious diseases in natural populations and managed landscapes. In both animals and plants, an unprecedented number of fungal and fungal-like diseases have recently caused some of the most severe die-offs and extinctions ever witnessed in wild species, and are jeopardizing food security. Human activity is intensifying fungal disease dispersal by modifying natural environments and thus creating new opportunities for evolution. We argue that nascent fungal infections will cause increasing attrition of biodiversity, with wider implications for human and ecosystem health, unless steps are taken to tighten biosecurity worldwide.
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              Significance of inducible defense-related proteins in infected plants.

              Inducible defense-related proteins have been described in many plant species upon infection with oomycetes, fungi, bacteria, or viruses, or insect attack. Several types of proteins are common and have been classified into 17 families of pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs). Others have so far been found to occur more specifically in some plant species. Most PRs and related proteins are induced through the action of the signaling compounds salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or ethylene, and possess antimicrobial activities in vitro through hydrolytic activities on cell walls, contact toxicity, and perhaps an involvement in defense signaling. However, when expressed in transgenic plants, they reduce only a limited number of diseases, depending on the nature of the protein, plant species, and pathogen involved. As exemplified by the PR-1 proteins in Arabidopsis and rice, many homologous proteins belonging to the same family are regulated developmentally and may serve different functions in specific organs or tissues. Several defense-related proteins are induced during senescence, wounding or cold stress, and some possess antifreeze activity. Many defense-related proteins are present constitutively in floral tissues and a substantial number of PR-like proteins in pollen, fruits, and vegetables can provoke allergy in humans. The evolutionary conservation of similar defense-related proteins in monocots and dicots, but also their divergent occurrence in other conditions, suggest that these proteins serve essential functions in plant life, whether in defense or not.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                tpp
                Tropical Plant Pathology
                Trop. plant pathol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia (Brasília, DF, Brazil )
                1982-5676
                1983-2052
                October 2013
                : 38
                : 5
                : 387-397
                Affiliations
                [01] Goiânia GO orgnameUniversidade Federal de Goiás orgdiv1Departamento de Biologia Geral Brazil
                [02] Santo Antônio de Goiás GO orgnameEmbrapa Arroz e Feijão Brazil
                [03] Belém PA orgnameUniversidade Federal Rural da Amazônia orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Agrárias Brasil
                Article
                S1982-56762013000500003 S1982-5676(13)03800500003
                10.1590/s1982-56762013005000028
                370b7deb-49e8-4a73-ad0f-b76cbfcec856

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 April 2013
                : 28 March 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 56, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Articles

                Magnaporthe oryzae,antagonism,Oryza sativa,Epicoccum sp.,PR proteins,ISR

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