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      Molecular characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi samples derived from Triatoma vitticeps and Panstrongylus geniculatus of the Atlantic rainforest, southeast Brazil Translated title: Caractérisation moléculaire d’échantillons de Trypanosoma cruzi dérivés de Triatoma vitticeps et de Panstrongylus geniculatus de la forêt Atlantique, sud-est du Brésil

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          Abstract

          Background: In rural areas of Espírito Santo state, southeast Brazil, triatomine species attracted by light frequently invade residences. The aim of this study was to investigate the Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units (DTUs) harbored by these triatomines. Methods: Triatomine’s intestinal contents were examined, inoculated in mice, and the positive samples were cultivated. Flagellates obtained from infected mice hemoculture were submitted to DNA extraction using a salting-out method and to TcSC5D gene amplification. The amplified samples were sequenced, and polymorphism was analyzed for DTU identification. Results: Three hundred and ninety-four triatomines were identified: Triatoma vitticeps (90.03%), Panstrongylus geniculatus (8.89%), Panstrongylus megistus (0.54%), Panstrongylus diasi (0.27%), and Triatoma tibiamaculata (0.27%). Among the specimens, 251/394 (67.65%) presented flagellated forms similar to T. cruzi. After triatomine intestinal content inoculation into mice, 134 mice presented T. cruzi-like trypomastigotes from Tr. vitticeps and P. geniculatus and 89 samples were positive in hemoculture. Sixty-two samples were analyzed for the TcSC5D gene and TcI, TcII, TcIII, and TcIV DTUs were identified. Conclusions: We observed T. cruzi DTU diversity in Tr. vitticeps and P. geniculatus, which showed the predominance of TcII and occurrence of TcI, TcIII and TcIV. Triatomines presented high T. cruzi infection rates. Since little is known regarding the possible mammalian hosts that maintain the T. cruzi cycle, further studies are necessary to obtain a better understanding of the parasite transmission cycle in this region.

          Translated abstract

          Contexte : Dans les zones rurales de l’État d’Espírito Santo, au sud-est du Brésil, des espèces de triatomines attirées par la lumière envahissent fréquemment les résidences. Le but de cette étude était d’étudier les unités discrètes de typage (DTU) de Trypanosoma cruzi hébergées par ces triatomines. Méthodes : Le contenu intestinal des triatomines a été examiné, inoculé à des souris et les échantillons positifs ont été cultivés. Les flagellés obtenus à partir d’hémocultures de souris infectées ont été soumis à une extraction d’ADN en utilisant une méthode de relargage et à une amplification du gène TcSC5D. Les échantillons amplifiés ont été séquencés et le polymorphisme a été analysé pour l’identification du DTU. Résultats : Trois cent quatre-vingt-quatorze triatomines ont été identifiées : Triatoma vitticeps (90.03 %), Panstrongylus geniculatus (8.89 %), Panstrongylus megistus (0.54 %), Panstrongylus diasi (0.27 %) et Triatoma tibiamaculata (0.27 %). Parmi les spécimens, 251/394 (67.65 %) présentaient des formes flagellées similaires à celles de T. cruzi. Après inoculation du contenu intestinal des triatomines à des souris, 134 souris ont présenté des trypomastigotes similaires à T. cruzi provenant de Tr. vitticeps et de P. geniculatus et 89 échantillons étaient positifs en hémoculture. Soixante-deux échantillons ont été analysés pour le gène TcSC5D et les DTU TcI, TcII, TcIII et TcIV ont été identifiés. Conclusions : Nous avons observé la diversité des DTU de T. cruzi chez Tr. vitticeps et P. geniculatus, qui a montré la prédominance de TcII et la présence de TcI, TcIII et TcIV. Les triatomines présentaient des taux d’infection élevés par T. cruzi. Comme on sait peu de choses sur les éventuels hôtes mammifères qui maintiennent le cycle de T. cruzi, des études supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre le cycle de transmission du parasite dans cette région.

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          Universal and rapid salt-extraction of high quality genomic DNA for PCR-based techniques.

          A very simple, fast, universally applicable and reproducible method to extract high quality megabase genomic DNA from different organisms is described. We applied the same method to extract high quality complex genomic DNA from different tissues (wheat, barley, potato, beans, pear and almond leaves as well as fungi, insects and shrimps' fresh tissue) without any modification. The method does not require expensive and environmentally hazardous reagents and equipment. It can be performed even in low technology laboratories. The amount of tissue required by this method is approximately 50-100 mg. The quantity and the quality of the DNA extracted by this method is high enough to perform hundreds of PCR-based reactions and also to be used in other DNA manipulation techniques such as restriction digestion, Southern blot and cloning.
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            The revised Trypanosoma cruzi subspecific nomenclature: rationale, epidemiological relevance and research applications.

            The protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, its mammalian reservoirs, and vectors have existed in nature for millions of years. The human infection, named Chagas disease, is a major public health problem for Latin America. T. cruzi is genetically highly diverse and the understanding of the population structure of this parasite is critical because of the links to transmission cycles and disease. At present, T. cruzi is partitioned into six discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI-TcVI. Here we focus on the current status of taxonomy-related areas such as population structure, phylogeographical and eco-epidemiological features, and the correlation of DTU with natural and experimental infection. We also summarize methods for DTU genotyping, available for widespread use in endemic areas. For the immediate future multilocus sequence typing is likely to be the gold standard for population studies. We conclude that greater advances in our knowledge on pathogenic and epidemiological features of these parasites are expected in the coming decade through the comparative analysis of the genomes from isolates of various DTUs. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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              Biogeografia, origem e distribuição da domiciliação de triatomíneos no Brasil

              Considerando a distribuição atual da domicialiação triatomínea no Brasil, pode-se verificar sua associação com a referente aos espaços abertos. Estes podem ser considerados como naturais e artificiais. Os primeiros estão essencialmente situados nos domínios paisagísticos das caatingas, dos cerrados, totalmente incluídos em território brasileiro, e das pradarias mistas subtropicais pertencentes a paisagem que se estende além desses limites. Os outros são os originados da ação antrópica resultando em expansão da paisagem aberta principalmente em virtude da devastação da cobertura florestal do domínio tropical atlântico. Embora tentativamente, procurou-se aplicar o modelo de refúgios paleoecológicos e da existência de centros de endemismo às quatro espécies de domiciliação epidemiologicamente significante. O Triatoma sordida, Triatoma brasiliensis e Triatoma pseudomaculata parece ter seus centros de endemismo nos espaços abertos dos cerrados e das caatingas, enquanto o Panstrongylus megistus teria tido sua origem nas florestas do ambiente tropical atlântico. Quanto ao Triatoma infestans, sua área endêmica estaria localizada em território boliviano, de onde se dispersou e continua se dispersando pela ação do homem. A invasão domiciliar, ao que tudo indica, obedece a mecanismo oportunista propiciado por vários estímulos de abrigo e alimentação. Uma vez instalada, a domiciliação permite não apenas a sobrevivência, mas também a dispersão da espécie. Esses conceitos devem ser levados em conta nas campanhas de controle, uma vez que a probabilidade de sucesso aumenta com essa especialização do triatomíneo. A continuidade da ação antrópica sobre o ambiente, atualmente intensificada na região do domínio equatorial amazônico, resultará na expansão dos espaços abertos. Assim sendo, seja a custa de espécies locais seja a custa de espécies introduzidas, poderá ocorrer a domiciliação triatomínea, como problema de saúde pública, em região onde ainda não foi assinalada.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2018
                26 November 2018
                : 25
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2018/01 )
                : 59
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 Vitória ES 29043-900 Brazil
                [2 ] Núcleo de Entomologia e Malacologia, Secretaria de estado da Saúde (SESA/ES) Rua Pedro Zangradini, 320 Serra ES 29164-020 Brazil
                [3 ] Laboratório Interdisciplinar em Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz Av. Brasil, 4365 Rio de Janeiro RJ 21040-900 Brazil
                Author notes
                Article
                parasite180074 10.1051/parasite/2018060
                10.1051/parasite/2018060
                6254102
                30474600
                372a41d1-0045-445e-8958-76ede276528e
                © M.A. Dario et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2018

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 20 May 2018
                : 06 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 72, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Research Article

                trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units,molecular epidemiology,triatominae,atlantic rainforest,brazil

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