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      Involvement of histone deacetylation in MORC2-mediated down-regulation of carbonic anhydrase IX

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          Abstract

          Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) plays an important role in the growth and survival of tumor cells. MORC2 is a member of the MORC protein family. The MORC proteins contain a CW-type zinc finger domain and are predicted to have the function of regulating transcription, but no MORC2 target genes have been identified. Here we performed a DNA microarray hybridization and found CAIX mRNA to be down-regulated 8-fold when MORC2 was overexpressed. This result was further confirmed by northern and western blot analysis. Our results also showed that the protected region 4 (PR4) was important for the repression function of MORC2. Moreover, MORC2 decreased the acetylation level of histone H3 at the CAIX promoter. Meanwhile, trichostatin A (TSA) had an increasing effect on CAIX promoter activity. Among the six HDACs tested, histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) had a much more prominent effect on CAIX repression. ChIP and ChIP Re-IP assays showed that MORC2 and HDAC4 were assembled on the same region of the CAIX promoter. Importantly, we further confirmed that both proteins are simultaneously present in the PR4-binding complex. These results may contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms of CAIX regulation.

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          Hypoxia-inducible expression of tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases.

          C C Wykoff, N J Beasley, P H Watson … (2000)
          The transcriptional complex hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) has emerged as an important mediator of gene expression patterns in tumors, although the range of responding genes is still incompletely defined. Here we show that the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are tightly regulated by this system. Both CA9 and CA12 were strongly induced by hypoxia in a range of tumor cell lines. In renal carcinoma cells that are defective for the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor, up-regulation of these CAs is associated with loss of regulation by hypoxia, consistent with the critical function of pVHL in the regulation of HIF-1. Further studies of CA9 defined a HIF-1-dependent hypoxia response element in the minimal promoter and demonstrated that tight regulation by the HIF/pVHL system was reflected in the pattern of CA IX expression within tumors. Generalized up-regulation of CA IX in VHL-associated renal cell carcinoma contrasted with focal perinecrotic expression in a variety of non-VHL-associated tumors. In comparison with vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA, expression of CA IX demonstrated a similar, although more tightly circumscribed, pattern of expression around regions of necrosis and showed substantial although incomplete overlap with activation of the hypoxia marker pimonidazole. These studies define a new class of HIF-1-responsive gene, the activation of which has implications for the understanding of hypoxic tumor metabolism and which may provide endogenous markers for tumor hypoxia.
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            DNA methylation and histone modifications: teaming up to silence genes.

            François Fuks (2005)
            DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, and methylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 are the three best-characterized covalent modifications associated with a repressed chromatin state. Recent advances highlight an essential, intricate web of interactions among these processes, generating a self-reinforcing, self-perpetuating cycle of epigenetic events that lead to long-term transcriptional repression. Histone deacetylation and methylation at lysine 9 of H3 might also contribute to the establishment of DNA methylation patterns, a long-standing mystery in epigenetics. What's more, recent clues suggest a potential link between CpG methylation and other histone modifications. A complex picture is emerging in which DNA methylation and histone modifications work hand-in-hand as parts of an epigenetic program that integrates gene-silencing networks within the cell.
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              Prognostic significance of a novel hypoxia-regulated marker, carbonic anhydrase IX, in invasive breast carcinoma.

              J Pastorek, S. Chia, K Gatter … (2001)
              To assess the frequency of expression and the prognostic significance of a hypoxia-regulated marker, carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), in a cohort of patients with invasive breast cancer. CA IX expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry with a murine monoclonal antibody, M75, in a series of 103 women treated surgically for invasive breast cancer. The majority of patients were treated with adjuvant hormonal or chemotherapy. The frequency of CA IX expression, its association with recognized prognostic factors, and the relationship with outcome was evaluated by univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. CA IX expression was present in 49 (48%) of 103 cases. The level of CA IX expression was found to be significantly associated with tumor necrosis (P <.001), higher grade (P =.02), and negative estrogen receptor status (P <.001). Furthermore, CA IX expression was associated with a higher relapse rate (P =.004) and a worse overall survival (P =.001). By multivariate analysis, CA IX was also shown to be an independent predictive factor for overall survival (hazard ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 6.75, P =.05). CA IX expression was associated with worse relapse-free survival and overall survival in an unselected cohort of patients with invasive breast carcinoma. The potential role of CA IX as a marker of hypoxia within breast carcinomas was also indicated by a significant association with necrosis. Further work assessing its prognostic significance in breast cancer is warranted, particularly interactions with radiotherapy and chemotherapy resistance.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nucleic Acids Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nar
                Journal ID (hwp): nar
                Title: Nucleic Acids Research
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Print): 0305-1048
                ISSN (Electronic): 1362-4962
                Publication date Collection: May 2010
                Publication date (Print): May 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 January 2010
                Publication date PMC-release: 27 January 2010
                Volume: 38
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 2813-2824
                Affiliations
                Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 24 23256666/5348; Fax: +86 24 23261056; Email: fli@ 123456mail.cmu.edu.cn , lifengphd15@ 123456hotmail.com

                The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors.

                Article
                Publisher ID: gkq006
                DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq006
                PMC ID: 2875037
                PubMed ID: 20110259
                SO-VID: 372e9ac5-b0c1-4da2-bb48-e8d438103de5
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2010. Published by Oxford University Press.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 15 September 2009
                Date revision received : 20 December 2009
                Date accepted : 5 January 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Gene Regulation, Chromatin and Epigenetics

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Genetics

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