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      Parafoveal Retinal Vascular Response to Pattern Visual Stimulation Assessed with OCT Angiography

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          Abstract

          We used optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography with a high-speed swept-source OCT system to investigate retinal blood flow changes induced by visual stimulation with a reversing checkerboard pattern. The split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography (SSADA) algorithm was used to quantify blood flow as measured with parafoveal flow index (PFI), which is proportional to the density of blood vessels and the velocity of blood flow in the parafoveal region of the macula. PFI measurements were taken in 15 second intervals during a 4 minute period consisting of 1 minute of baseline, 2 minutes with an 8 Hz reversing checkerboard pattern stimulation, and 1 minute without stimulation. PFI measurements increased 6.1±4.7% (p = .001) during the first minute of stimulation, with the most significant increase in PFI occurring 30 seconds into stimulation (p<0.001). These results suggest that pattern stimulation induces a change to retinal blood flow that can be reliably measured with OCT angiography.

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          Optical coherence tomography.

          D. Huang, E Swanson, C. Lin … (1991)
          A technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT) has been developed for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging in biological systems. OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce a two-dimensional image of optical scattering from internal tissue microstructures in a way that is analogous to ultrasonic pulse-echo imaging. OCT has longitudinal and lateral spatial resolutions of a few micrometers and can detect reflected signals as small as approximately 10(-10) of the incident optical power. Tomographic imaging is demonstrated in vitro in the peripapillary area of the retina and in the coronary artery, two clinically relevant examples that are representative of transparent and turbid media, respectively.
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            Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography

            Yali Jia, Ou Tan, Jason Tokayer … (2012)
            Amplitude decorrelation measurement is sensitive to transverse flow and immune to phase noise in comparison to Doppler and other phase-based approaches. However, the high axial resolution of OCT makes it very sensitive to the pulsatile bulk motion noise in the axial direction. To overcome this limitation, we developed split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography (SSADA) to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of flow detection. The full OCT spectrum was split into several narrower bands. Inter-B-scan decorrelation was computed using the spectral bands separately and then averaged. The SSADA algorithm was tested on in vivo images of the human macula and optic nerve head. It significantly improved both SNR for flow detection and connectivity of microvascular network when compared to other amplitude-decorrelation algorithms.
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              Imaging of macular diseases with optical coherence tomography.

              Paul E Swanson, J Fujimoto, C Puliafito … (1995)
              To assess the potential of a new diagnostic technique called optical coherence tomography for imaging macular disease. Optical coherence tomography is a novel noninvasive, noncontact imaging modality which produces high depth resolution (10 microns) cross-sectional tomographs of ocular tissue. It is analogous to ultrasound, except that optical rather than acoustic reflectivity is measured. Optical coherence tomography images of the macula were obtained in 51 eyes of 44 patients with selected macular diseases. Imaging is performed in a manner compatible with slit-lamp indirect biomicroscopy so that high-resolution optical tomography may be accomplished simultaneously with normal ophthalmic examination. The time-of-flight delay of light backscattered from different layers in the retina is determined using low-coherence interferometry. Cross-sectional tomographs of the retina profiling optical reflectivity versus distance into the tissue are obtained in 2.5 seconds and with a longitudinal resolution of 10 microns. Correlation of fundus examination and fluorescein angiography with optical coherence tomography tomographs was demonstrated in 12 eyes with the following pathologies: full- and partial-thickness macular hole, epiretinal membrane, macular edema, intraretinal exudate, idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy, and detachments of the pigment epithelium and neurosensory retina. Optical coherence tomography is potentially a powerful tool for detecting and monitoring a variety of macular diseases, including macular edema, macular holes, and detachments of the neurosensory retina and pigment epithelium.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Samuel G. Solomon: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 December 2013
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 12
                Electronic Location Identifier: e81343
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
                [2 ]Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
                [3 ]Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs, Inc., Newton, New Jersey, United States of America
                University College London, United Kingdom
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: OHSU and Drs. Jia, Tan, and Huang have patent royalty interest in Optovue, Inc. and hold the following patent relating to material pertinent to this article: Split-Spectrum Amplitude-Decorrelation Angiography (SSADA) with Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), US patent application 61/594,967. Drs. Huang, Tan, and Jia received a research grant from Optovue, Inc. in projects that are not related to the work described in this article. Dr. Huang owns stock options from Optovue, Inc. and Carl Zeiss Meditec, companies that may have commercial interests in the results of this research and technology. Co-author Benjamin Potsaid is employed by Advanced Imaging Group, Thorlabs, Inc. This does not alter the authors'adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: DH YJ OT. Performed the experiments: YJ OT EW DH. Analyzed the data: YJ EW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: BP JJL WC JGF DH. Wrote the paper: EW YJ DH.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-21099
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081343
                PMC ID: 3846672
                PubMed ID: 24312549
                SO-VID: 37326645-b8ae-4faf-9282-cdfcdf2147bc
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2013
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 22 May 2013
                Date accepted : 11 October 2013
                Page count
                Pages: 7
                Funding
                This work was supported by NIH Grants R01 EY013516, Rosenbaum's P30EY010572, an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness, R01-Ey11289-26 and AFOSR FA9550-10-1-0551. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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