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      Brote de hepatitis A en Galicia durante 2016-2018 Translated title: Hepatitis A outbreak in Galicia during 2016-2018

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          RESUMEN

          Fundamentos:

          En Galicia, la incidencia (I) de hepatitis A (HA) es baja y la susceptibilidad es del 51% en adultos (18-64 años). Entre 2016 y 2018 se incrementaron los casos, fundamentalmente en hombres. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los casos de HA en Galicia en este periodo de brote (PB), compararlos con el periodo pre-brote (PPB), y describir las intervenciones realizadas.

          Métodos:

          Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de los casos de HA declarados entre 2016-2018 (PB), comparados con los del periodo previo (2010-2015, PPB). Se incluyeron los casos del Sistema de Notificación Obligatoria (por atención primaria, hospitalaria y microbiología) de 2010 a 2018. Se calculó el canal epidémico para el PPB, como media de casos/cuatrisemana para comparar casos observados/esperados. La incidencia (I) (casos por cada 100.000 habitantes (c/10 5h)) por sexo y edad se comparó con el PPB mediante el Riesgo Relativo (RR). Se enviaron mensajes con recomendaciones específicas a través de webs de referencia para hombres que tenían sexo con hombres (HSH).

          Resultados:

          El brote duró 20 cuatrisemanas (septiembre de 2016 a marzo de 2018). La incidencia fue de 3 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes en hombres y 0,5 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes en mujeres. Frente al PPB, el RR-PB en hombres fue 4,8 (IC95%=4-7) y 20,4 (IC95%=5-87) entre 40 y 44 años. El 42% de los hombres respondieron tener relaciones con otros hombres (el 57% entre 20 y 30 años). A finales de 2016 se envió a través de Wapo (una de las webs de referencia de HSH) un mensaje con recomendaciones (fundamentalmente sobre vacunación), registrándose 331 entradas.

          Conclusiones:

          La incidencia de HA aumenta en Galicia en el período 2016-2018 por un brote en HSH. La susceptibilidad se incrementa entre jóvenes, lo que hace necesario insistir en la vacunación de los grupos de riesgo.

          ABSTRACT

          Background:

          In Galicia, the incidence (I) of hepatitis A (HA) is low and the susceptibility is 51% in adults (18-64 years). Between 2016 and 2018 the cases increased, mainly in men. We intend to describe the cases of HA in Galicia during this outbreak period (PB), compare them with the pre-outbreak period (PPB), and the interventions performed.

          Methods:

          Descriptive study of the cases of HA declared between 2016-18 (PB), compared to those from the previous period (2010-2015, PPB). Cases recorded in the mandatory notification system (general practice, hospitalization and microbiology) from 2010 to 2018 were included. For the pre-outbreak period 2010-2015 (PPB) it was calculated the average of cases/four-week period to compare observed/expected cases; the incidence (I) (cases/100,000 inhabitants (c/10 5h)) by sex and age was compared with the PPB through the Relative Risk (RR). It were sent messages with recommendations through men who have sex with men (MSM) reference websites.

          Results:

          The outbreak lasted 80 weeks (september of 2016 to march of 2018). The incidence was 3 cases/10 5h in men and 0.5 cases/105h in women. Compared to the PPB, the RR-PB in men was 4.8 (95%CI=4-7) and 20.4 (95%CI=5-87) in 40-44 years. 42% of men declared to have relationships with other men (57% in 20-30 years). At the end of 2016, a message with recommendations (specially vaccination) was sent via Wapo (promoted to MSM through one of its reference websites), where 331 entries were registered.

          Conclusions:

          HA’s incidence, in Galicia, increased in 2016-2018 by an outbreak in MSM. We found an increased susceptibility among young people which makes necessary to insist on the vaccination of groups at risk.

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          Most cited references33

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          Hepatitis A outbreak disproportionately affecting men who have sex with men (MSM) in the European Union and European Economic Area, June 2016 to May 2017

          Between 1 June 2016 and 31 May 2017, 17 European Union (EU) and European Economic Area countries reported 4,096 cases associated with a multi-country hepatitis A (HA) outbreak. Molecular analysis identified three co-circulating hepatitis A virus (HAV) strains of genotype IA: VRD_521_2016, V16–25801 and RIVM-HAV16–090. We categorised cases as confirmed, probable or possible, according to the EU outbreak case definitions. Confirmed cases were infected with one of the three outbreak strains. We investigated case characteristics and strain-specific risk factors for transmission. A total of 1,400 (34%) cases were confirmed; VRD_521_2016 and RIVM-HAV16–090 accounted for 92% of these. Among confirmed cases with available epidemiological data, 92% (361/393) were unvaccinated, 43% (83/195) travelled to Spain during the incubation period and 84% (565/676) identified as men who have sex with men (MSM). Results depict an HA outbreak of multiple HAV strains, within a cross-European population, that was particularly driven by transmission between non-immune MSM engaging in high-risk sexual behaviour. The most effective preventive measure to curb this outbreak is HAV vaccination of MSM, supplemented by primary prevention campaigns that target the MSM population and promote protective sexual behaviour.
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            A large ongoing outbreak of hepatitis A predominantly affecting young males in Lazio, Italy; August 2016 - March 2017

            The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is mainly transmitted through the faecal-oral route. In industrialized countries HAV infection generally occurs as either sporadic cases in travelers from endemic areas, local outbreak within closed/semi-closed population and as foodborne community outbreak. Recently, an increasing number of HAV infection clusters have been reported among young men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM). The Lazio Regional Service for the epidemiology and control for infectious diseases (SeRESMI) has noticed an increase of acute hepatitis A (AHA) since September 2016. Temporal analysis carried out with a discrete Poisson model using surveillance data between January 2016 and March 2017 evidenced an ongoing outbreak of AHA that started at the end of August. Molecular investigation carried out on 130 out of 513 cases AHA reported until March 2017 suggests that this outbreak is mainly supported by an HAV variant which is currently spreading within MSM communities across Europe (VRD_521_2016). The report confirms that AHA is an emerging issue among MSM. In addition through the integration of standard (case based) surveillance with molecular investigation we could discriminate, temporally concomitant but epidemiologically unrelated, clusters due to different HAV variants. As suggested by the WHO, in countries with low HAV circulation, vaccination programmes should be tailored on the local epidemiological patterns to prevent outbreaks among high risk groups and eventual spillover of the infection in the general population.
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              Spillover of a hepatitis A outbreak among men who have sex with men (MSM) to the general population, the Netherlands, 2017

              Since 2015, outbreaks of hepatitis A among men who have sex with men (MSM) have been reported worldwide. To examine the impact of these MSM outbreaks in the Netherlands, we combined notification and epidemiological data with sequence analysis. Our results show the hazards of outbreaks within risk-groups spilling over into the largely susceptible general population. One third of the outbreak-related hepatitis A virus genotypes were detected in non-MSM cases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Salud Publica
                Rev Esp Salud Publica
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                02 November 2020
                2020
                : 94
                : 202001003
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalServicio de medicina preventiva y salud pública. Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña. España. orgnameComplexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Servicio de medicina preventiva y salud pública Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
                [2 ] originalServizo de epidemioloxía. Dirección xeral de Saúde Pública. Consellería de Sanidade. Santiago de Compostela. A Coruña. España. orgnameConsellería de Sanidade orgdiv1Servizo de epidemioloxía. Dirección xeral de Saúde Pública Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
                Author notes
                Correspondencia: María Jesús Purriños-Hermida. Técnico do Servizo de Epidemioloxía. Dirección xeral de Saúde Pública, Edificio administrativo San Lázaro, s/n. 15781 Santiago de Compostela, España. maria.jesus.purrinos.hermida@ 123456sergas.es

                Conflictos de interés: María Jesús Purriños-Hermida tiene un contrato puntual de consultoría con Shionogi SL, para la realización de un decálogo sobre la importancia de las resistencias antimicrobianas. El resto de las autoras declaran no tener ningún conflicto de interés.

                Article
                e202001003
                11567103
                3741eefb-c949-4604-9e0a-4b9f824b06a2

                Este es un artículo publicado en acceso abierto bajo una licencia Creative Commons

                History
                : 09 August 2019
                : 15 October 2019
                : 24 January 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 25
                Categories
                Originales

                brote viral,hepatitis a,enfermedades infecciosas,estudio epidemiológico,outbreaks,infectious disease outbreaks,epidemiological study

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