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      Management of Systemic Hypersensitivity Reactions to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues during Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty

      case-report

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          Abstract

          Background: Besides local reactions, systemic hypersensitivity reactions such as urticaria, anaphylaxis, serum sickness and Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) have been reported during gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogue treatment. Aim: To present the clinical presentation of 9 cases with systemic hypersensitivity reactions to GnRH analogues and discuss the management of such reactions based on our experience. Patients and Methods: Nine of 232 (3.8%) patients with central precocious puberty receiving GnRH analogue treatment had systemic hypersensitivity reactions in 4 years’ period. Six patients had a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction (generalized hives, pruritus, and/or edema) to triptorelin acetate (TA), 2 patients to leuprolide acetate (LA), and 1 patient to both medications who also developed anaphylaxis to LA during intradermal test (IDT). Another patient on TA had skin lesions suggestive of HSP. GnRH analogue treatment was discontinued in 2 patients after discussion with the parents. Treatment was changed to another GnRH analogue preparation in 6 patients and was maintained with the same medication with antihistamines and corticosteroid premedication in 1 patient. None of the patients developed new reactions after these precautions. Conclusion: Systemic hypersensitivity reactions should be carefully evaluated and cross-reaction to the other GnRH analogues should be kept in mind. Discontinuation of GnRH analogue is always an option. However, if continuation of GnRH analogue is elected, we recommend switching to an alternative GnRH analogue, which should be considered only after a skin prick test (SPT) and IDT. In the lack of the possibility to perform SPT and IDT, injections may be administered under strict medical supervision in a well-equipped facility to manage anaphylaxis. We discuss additional options in situations where alternative GnRH analogues are unavailable, which enabled us to continue treatment in most cases without further problems.

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          Is Open Access

          A Critical Appraisal of the Effect of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormon Analog Treatment on Adult Height of Girls with Central Precocious Puberty

          Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a diagnosis that pediatric endocrinologists worldwide increasingly make in girls of age 6-8 years and is mostly idiopathic. Part of the reason for increasing referral and diagnosis is the perception among the doctors as well as the patients that treatment of CPP with long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormon analogues (GnRHa) promote height of the child. Although, the timing and the tempo of puberty does influence statural growth and achieved adult height, the extent of this effect is variable depending on several factors and is modest in most cases. Studies investigating GnRHa treatment in girls with idiopathic CPP demonstrate that treatment is able to restore adult height compromised by precocious puberty. However, reports on untreated girls with precocious puberty demonstrate that some of these girls achieve their target height without treatment as well, thus, blurring the net effect of GnRHa treatment on height in girls with CPP. Clinical studies on treatment of girls with idiopathic CPP on adult stature suffers from the solid evidence-base due mainly to the lack of well-designed randomized controlled studies and our insufficiencies of predicting adult height of a child with narrow precision. This is particularly true for girls in whom age of pubertal onset is close to physiological age of puberty, which are the majority of cases treated with GnRHa nowadays. Heterogeneous nature of pubertal tempo (progressive vs. nonprogressive) leading to different height outcomes also complicates the interpretation of the results in both treated and untreated cases. This review will attemp to summarize and critically appraise available data in the field.
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            Significant adverse reactions to long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for the treatment of central precocious puberty and early onset puberty

            Purpose Long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) are commonly used to treat central precocious puberty (CPP) in Korea. Although rare, there have been reports on the characteristic of adverse reactions of GnRHa in CPP among the Korean population. This study was intended to report on our clinical experience regarding significant adverse reactions to long-acting GnRHa in CPP and early onset puberty and to evaluate the prevalence rate of serious side effects. Methods This retrospective study included children with CPP and early onset puberty, who were administered monthly with long-acting GnRHa (leuprolide acetate, triptorelin acetate) at the outpatient clinic of Department of Pediatrics, at Inha University Hospital, between January 2011 and December 2013. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of patients who experienced significant adverse reactions and evaluated the prevalence rate. Results Six serious side effects (0.9%) were observed among total of 621 CPP and early onset puberty children with GnRHa therapy. The number of sterile abscess formation was four in three patients (4 events of 621). Anaphylaxis occurred in only one patient, and unilateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) in another one patient. Anaphylaxis occurred after the 6th administration of the monthly depot triptorelin acetate. Unilateral SCFE developed in GnRHa therapy. Conclusion Sterile abscess formation occurred in 0.6% of CPP and early onset puberty patients from the administration of a monthly depot GnRHa therapy. The occurrences of anaphylaxis and SCFE are extremely rare, but can have serious implications on patients. Clinicians should be aware of these potential adverse effects related to GnRHa therapy in CPP.
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              Anaphylactic reaction to different gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists for the treatment of endometriosis.

              Anaphylactic reactions to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists are exceedingly rare, but if they occur, they can be life threatening. This case describes a 33-year-old patient with endometriosis who developed an acute allergic reaction on leuprolide (Lucrin) administration. Although skin tests with the replacement goserelin (Zoladex) were negative, usage of this medication resulted in a similar allergic reaction. This is the first case report that shows that, in case of a proven allergy to one GnRH agonist, a switch to another GnRH agonist should not be made even if allergy tests are negative for this medication.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                HRP
                Horm Res Paediatr
                10.1159/issn.1663-2818
                Hormone Research in Paediatrics
                S. Karger AG
                1663-2818
                1663-2826
                2020
                July 2020
                23 January 2020
                : 93
                : 1
                : 66-72
                Affiliations
                [_a] aDepartment of Paediatric Endocrinology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
                [_b] bDepartment of Paediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
                [_c] cDepartment of Paediatric Endocrinology, Selcuk University, School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
                [_d] dDepartment of Paediatric Allergy and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
                Author notes
                *Elif Karakoc-Aydiner, MD, Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University Hospital, Fevzi Cakmak, Mh. Mimar Sinan Cd. No 41, Ustkaynarca-Pendik, TR–34899 Istanbul (Turkey), E-Mail elifaydiner@gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2276-4410
                Article
                505329 Horm Res Paediatr 2020;93:66–72
                10.1159/000505329
                31972562
                3749fa64-3a76-46fe-bafa-34fa81616205
                © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                : 07 August 2019
                : 09 December 2019
                Page count
                Tables: 3, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Novel Insights from Clinical Practice / Case Report

                Endocrinology & Diabetes,Neurology,Nutrition & Dietetics,Sexual medicine,Internal medicine,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues,Drug-related side effects,Adverse reactions,Central precocious puberty,Anaphylaxis

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