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      Susceptibility of five strains of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts to UV light

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          Abstract

          Previous evaluations of the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light on Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts have been limited to a single strain—the Iowa strain. This study investigated the response of five strains of C. parvum to UV. A collimated beam apparatus was used to apply controlled doses of monochromatic (254 nm) UV to oocysts of the Iowa, Moredun, Texas A&M, Maine, and Glasgow strains. Irradiation was measured using a calibrated radiometer and sensor. Inactivation was quantified through animal infectivity by inoculation of cohorts of CD‐1 neonatal mice with UV‐treated and untreated control oocysts of each strain followed by examination of intestinal sections for infection using hemotoxylin and eosin staining. A UV light dose of 10 mJ/cm 2 achieved at least 4‐log 10 inactivation of all strains evaluated. All five strains of C. parvum were shown to be highly susceptible to low levels of UV light.

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          Standardization of Methods for Fluence (UV Dose) Determination in Bench-Scale UV Experiments

          Karl Linden, James R. Bolton (2003)
          Article 0 comments Cited 144 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability.

            D G Korich, J R Mead, M Madore … (1990)
            Purified Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were exposed to ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine. Excystation and mouse infectivity were comparatively evaluated to assess oocyst viability. Ozone and chlorine dioxide more effectively inactivated oocysts than chlorine and monochloramine did. Greater than 90% inactivation as measured by infectivity was achieved by treating oocysts with 1 ppm of ozone (1 mg/liter) for 5 min. Exposure to 1.3 ppm of chlorine dioxide yielded 90% inactivation after 1 h, while 80 ppm of chlorine and 80 ppm of monochloramine required approximately 90 min for 90% inactivation. The data indicate that C. parvum oocysts are 30 times more resistant to ozone and 14 times more resistant to chlorine dioxide than Giardia cysts exposed to these disinfectants under the same conditions. With the possible exception of ozone, the use of disinfectants alone should not be expected to inactivate C. parvum oocysts in drinking water.
            Article 0 comments Cited 68 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults.

              H Dupont, Simon Crabb, Jane C Sterling … (1999)
              The infectivity of three Cryptosporidium parvum isolates (Iowa [calf], UCP [calf], and TAMU [horse]) of the C genotype was investigated in healthy adults. After exposure, volunteers recorded the number and form of stools passed and symptoms experienced. Oocyst excretion was assessed by immunofluorescence. The ID50 differed among isolates: Iowa, 87 (SE, 19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 48.67-126); UCP, 1042 (SE, 1000; 95% CI, 0-3004); and TAMU, 9 oocysts (SE, 2.34; 95% CI, 4.46-13.65); TAMU versus Iowa, P=.002 or UCP, P=.019. Isolates also differed significantly (P=.045) in attack rate between TAMU (86%) and Iowa (52%) or UCP (59%). A trend toward a longer duration of diarrhea was seen for the TAMU (94.5 h) versus UCP (81.6 h) and Iowa (64.2 h) isolates. C. parvum isolates of the C genotype differ in their infectivity for humans.
              Article 0 comments Cited 68 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Am Water Works Assoc
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Am Water Works Assoc
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1551-8833
                Journal ID (publisher-id): AWWA
                Title: Journal - American Water Works Association
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 0003-150X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1551-8833
                Publication date (Electronic): 01 March 2004
                Publication date (Print): March 2004
                Volume: 96
                Issue: 3 ( doiID: 10.1002/awwa.2004.96.issue-3 )
                Pages: 84-93
                Article
                Publisher ID: AWWA10576 Other ID: DOCKEY:0059538
                DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.2004.tb10576.x
                PMC ID: 7159772
                PubMed ID: 32313290
                SO-VID: 3750ced0-6386-4c63-9453-80281b02dbe7
                Copyright © © 2004 American Water Works Association
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 3, References: 64, Pages: 10, Words: 5806
                Funding
                Funded by: AWWA Research Foundation , open-funder-registry 10.13039/100006407;
                Categories
                Subject: Peer Reviewed
                Subject: Peer Reviewed
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                cover-date March 2004
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.0 mode:remove_FC converted:15.04.2020

                Keywords: cryptosporidium,regulations,compliance,best available technology,ultraviolet disinfection
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cryptosporidium, regulations, compliance, best available technology, ultraviolet disinfection

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