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      Reposicionamiento del anticuerpo monoclonal humanizado cubano nimotuzumab en el tratamiento de pacientes con COVID-19 Translated title: Blocking EGFR with nimotuzumab: A novel strategy for COVID-19 treatment

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      Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba
      Academia de Ciencias de Cuba
      Nimotuzumab, COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, inflammation, fibrosis, EGFR, monoclonal antibody, nimotuzumab, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, inflamación, fibrosis, EGFR, anticuerpo monoclonal

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: La lesión pulmonar y el déficit del transductor de señal y el activador de la transcripción 1 (STAT1) inducen la sobreexpresión de receptor del factor de crecimiento epidérmico (EGFR) en células infectadas con SARS-CoV-2. Métodos: Teniendo en cuenta el papel del EGFR en la inflamación y la fibrosis, se realizó un ensayo de fase I/II para evaluar la seguridad y el efecto del nimotuzumab, un anticuerpo anti-EGFR humanizado, en pacientes con COVID-19 graves y moderados. Los pacientes recibieron otros medicamentos incluidos en el protocolo nacional. El tratamiento consistió en infusiones intravenosas de nimotuzumab, administradas cada 72 h. Antes de iniciar el estudio, la expresión de EGFR se confirmó mediante inmunohistoquímica en 20 muestras de pulmón de sujetos fallecidos por COVID-19. Resultados: En el ensayo se incluyeron 41 pacientes (31 graves/10 moderados). La media de edad fue de 62 años y las principales comorbilidades fueron hipertensión, diabetes, enfermedad cardiovascular y obesidad. Recibieron una dosis de nimotuzumab 7 pacientes, 29 recibieron 2 infusiones mientras que 5 sujetos requirieron 3 dosis. El anticuerpo fue seguro. Solo se detectaron 4 eventos adversos en 2 sujetos. Requirieron ventilación mecánica invasiva 8 pacientes. La tasa de recuperación a los 14 días fue del 82,9 %: pacientes moderados 90 % y 80,64 % en pacientes graves. Los marcadores inflamatorios disminuyeron en el tiempo y la concentración de interleucina-6 disminuyó de 46,5 pg/ml a 14,51 pg/ml el día 7. Ninguno de los pacientes evaluados mostró signos de fibrosis en el seguimiento. Tras el uso del nimotuzumab en 1536 pacientes en las condiciones del mundo real, se logró una alta tasa de recuperación en los pacientes graves y moderados (89,4 y 79,4 %, respectivamente), lo cual se compara muy favorablemente con los datos del ensayo fase I/II. Conclusiones: estos resultados sugieren que el nimotuzumab es un anticuerpo seguro que puede reducir la inflamación y evitar la fibrosis en pacientes con COVID-19 graves y moderados.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Lung injury and STAT1 deficit can induce EGFR overexpression in SARS-CoV2 infected cells. Methods: Considering the role of EGFR in inflammation and fibrosis, a Phase I/II trial was done to evaluate the safety and preliminary effect of nimotuzumab, a humanized anti-EGFR antibody, in severe and high-risk moderate patients with COVID-19. Patients were able to receive other drugs included in the national protocol. Treatment consisted on nimotuzumab intravenous infusions, administered every 72 hours. Before launching the study, EGFR expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in 20 lung samples from COVID-19 deceased subjects. Results: They were included forty-one patients (31 severe/10 moderate) in the trial. The median age was 62 years and the main comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Seven patients received one dose of nimotuzumab, 29 received 2 infusions while 5 subjects required 3 doses. The antibody was very safe. There were only 4 related adverse events in 2 subjects. Eight patients required invasive mechanical ventilation. The 14 day recovery rate was 82,9%. 90% in moderate patients and 80,64 % in severe patients. Inflammatory markers decreased overtime and interleukin-6 concentration diminished from 46,5 pg/ml to 14,51 pg/ml at day 7. None of the evaluated patients showed signs of fibrosis in the follow-up evaluation. After the use of nimotuzumab in 1,536 patients in the real-world scenario, a high recovery rate was achieved in severe and moderate patients (89,4% and 79.4%, respectively), which compares very favorably with the phase I/II trial data. Conclusions: our results suggest that nimotuzumab is a safe antibody that can reduce inflammation and avoid fibrosis in severe and moderate COVID-19 patients at high risk of aggravation.

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          Tocilizumab in Hospitalized Patients with Severe Covid-19 Pneumonia

          Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is associated with immune dysregulation and hyperinflammation, including elevated interleukin-6 levels. The use of tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody against the interleukin-6 receptor, has resulted in better outcomes in patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia in case reports and retrospective observational cohort studies. Data are needed from randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Methods In this phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned patients who were hospitalized with severe Covid-19 pneumonia in a 2:1 ratio receive a single intravenous infusion of tocilizumab (at a dose of 8 mg per kilogram of body weight) or placebo. Approximately one quarter of the participants received a second dose of tocilizumab or placebo 8 to 24 hours after the first dose. The primary outcome was clinical status at day 28 on an ordinal scale ranging from 1 (discharged or ready for discharge) to 7 (death) in the modified intention-to-treat population, which included all the patients who had received at least one dose of tocilizumab or placebo. Results Of the 452 patients who underwent randomization, 438 (294 in the tocilizumab group and 144 in the placebo group) were included in the primary and secondary analyses. The median value for clinical status on the ordinal scale at day 28 was 1.0 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0 to 1.0) in the tocilizumab group and 2.0 (non-ICU hospitalization without supplemental oxygen) (95% CI, 1.0 to 4.0) in the placebo group (between-group difference, −1.0; 95% CI, −2.5 to 0; P=0.31 by the van Elteren test). In the safety population, serious adverse events occurred in 103 of 295 patients (34.9%) in the tocilizumab group and in 55 of 143 patients (38.5%) in the placebo group. Mortality at day 28 was 19.7% in the tocilizumab group and 19.4% in the placebo group (weighted difference, 0.3 percentage points (95% CI, –7.6 to 8.2; nominal P=0.94). Conclusions In this randomized trial involving hospitalized patients with severe Covid-19 pneumonia, the use of tocilizumab did not result in significantly better clinical status or lower mortality than placebo at 28 days. (Funded by F. Hoffmann–La Roche and the Department of Health and Human Services; COVACTA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04320615.)
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            Short-term and Long-term Rates of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection : A Systematic Review

            Question What are the short-term and long-term postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) infection? Findings In this systematic review of 57 studies comprising more than 250 000 survivors of COVID-19, most sequelae included mental health, pulmonary, and neurologic disorders, which were prevalent longer than 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Meaning These findings suggest that long-term PASC must be factored into existing health care systems, especially in low- and middle-income countries. This systematic review estimates organ system–specific frequency and evolution of postacute sequelae of COVID-19 infection. Importance Short-term and long-term persistent postacute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) have not been systematically evaluated. The incidence and evolution of PASC are dependent on time from infection, organ systems and tissue affected, vaccination status, variant of the virus, and geographic region. Objective To estimate organ system–specific frequency and evolution of PASC. Evidence Review PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, the World Health Organization Global Literature on Coronavirus Disease, and CoronaCentral databases were searched from December 2019 through March 2021. A total of 2100 studies were identified from databases and through cited references. Studies providing data on PASC in children and adults were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for abstracting data were followed and performed independently by 2 reviewers. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies. The main outcome was frequency of PASC diagnosed by (1) laboratory investigation, (2) radiologic pathology, and (3) clinical signs and symptoms. PASC were classified by organ system, ie, neurologic; cardiovascular; respiratory; digestive; dermatologic; and ear, nose, and throat as well as mental health, constitutional symptoms, and functional mobility. Findings From a total of 2100 studies identified, 57 studies with 250 351 survivors of COVID-19 met inclusion criteria. The mean (SD) age of survivors was 54.4 (8.9) years, 140 196 (56%) were male, and 197 777 (79%) were hospitalized during acute COVID-19. High-income countries contributed 45 studies (79%). The median (IQR) proportion of COVID-19 survivors experiencing at least 1 PASC was 54.0% (45.0%-69.0%; 13 studies) at 1 month (short-term), 55.0% (34.8%-65.5%; 38 studies) at 2 to 5 months (intermediate-term), and 54.0% (31.0%-67.0%; 9 studies) at 6 or more months (long-term). Most prevalent pulmonary sequelae, neurologic disorders, mental health disorders, functional mobility impairments, and general and constitutional symptoms were chest imaging abnormality (median [IQR], 62.2% [45.8%-76.5%]), difficulty concentrating (median [IQR], 23.8% [20.4%-25.9%]), generalized anxiety disorder (median [IQR], 29.6% [14.0%-44.0%]), general functional impairments (median [IQR], 44.0% [23.4%-62.6%]), and fatigue or muscle weakness (median [IQR], 37.5% [25.4%-54.5%]), respectively. Other frequently reported symptoms included cardiac, dermatologic, digestive, and ear, nose, and throat disorders. Conclusions and Relevance In this systematic review, more than half of COVID-19 survivors experienced PASC 6 months after recovery. The most common PASC involved functional mobility impairments, pulmonary abnormalities, and mental health disorders. These long-term PASC effects occur on a scale that could overwhelm existing health care capacity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
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              Efficacy and safety of baricitinib for the treatment of hospitalised adults with COVID-19 (COV-BARRIER): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial

              Background Baricitinib is an oral selective Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor with known anti-inflammatory properties. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of baricitinib in combination with standard of care for the treatment of hospitalised adults with COVID-19. Methods In this phase 3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, participants were enrolled from 101 centres across 12 countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Hospitalised adults with COVID-19 receiving standard of care were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive once-daily baricitinib (4 mg) or matched placebo for up to 14 days. Standard of care included systemic corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, and antivirals, including remdesivir. The composite primary endpoint was the proportion who progressed to high-flow oxygen, non-invasive ventilation, invasive mechanical ventilation, or death by day 28, assessed in the intention-to-treat population. All-cause mortality by day 28 was a key secondary endpoint, and all-cause mortality by day 60 was an exploratory endpoint; both were assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety analyses were done in the safety population defined as all randomly allocated participants who received at least one dose of study drug and who were not lost to follow-up before the first post-baseline visit. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT04421027. Findings Between June 11, 2020, and Jan 15, 2021, 1525 participants were randomly assigned to the baricitinib group (n=764) or the placebo group (n=761). 1204 (79·3%) of 1518 participants with available data were receiving systemic corticosteroids at baseline, of whom 1099 (91·3%) were on dexamethasone; 287 (18·9%) participants were receiving remdesivir. Overall, 27·8% of participants receiving baricitinib and 30·5% receiving placebo progressed to meet the primary endpoint (odds ratio 0·85 [95% CI 0·67 to 1·08], p=0·18), with an absolute risk difference of −2·7 percentage points (95% CI −7·3 to 1·9). The 28-day all-cause mortality was 8% (n=62) for baricitinib and 13% (n=100) for placebo (hazard ratio [HR] 0·57 [95% CI 0·41–0·78]; nominal p=0·0018), a 38·2% relative reduction in mortality; one additional death was prevented per 20 baricitinib-treated participants. The 60-day all-cause mortality was 10% (n=79) for baricitinib and 15% (n=116) for placebo (HR 0·62 [95% CI 0·47–0·83]; p=0·0050). The frequencies of serious adverse events (110 [15%] of 750 in the baricitinib group vs 135 [18%] of 752 in the placebo group), serious infections (64 [9%] vs 74 [10%]), and venous thromboembolic events (20 [3%] vs 19 [3%]) were similar between the two groups. Interpretation Although there was no significant reduction in the frequency of disease progression overall, treatment with baricitinib in addition to standard of care (including dexamethasone) had a similar safety profile to that of standard of care alone, and was associated with reduced mortality in hospitalised adults with COVID-19. Funding Eli Lilly and Company. Translations For the French, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                aacc
                Anales de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba
                Anales de la ACC
                Academia de Ciencias de Cuba (La Habana, , Cuba )
                2304-0106
                August 2023
                : 13
                : 2
                : e1263
                Affiliations
                [3] La Habana orgnameCentro de Investigaciones Médicas y Quirúrgicas Cuba
                [2] La Habana orgnameHospital Salvador Allende Cuba
                [1] La Habana orgnameHospital Julio Trigo Cuba
                [4] La Habana orgnameHospital Luis Díaz Soto Cuba
                [6] La Habana orgnameCentro de Inmunología Molecular Cuba
                [7] La Habana orgnameAcademia de Ciencias de Cuba Cuba
                [5] La Habana orgnameInstituto Nacional de Hematología e Inmunología Cuba
                Article
                S2304-01062023000200019 S2304-0106(23)01300200019
                3769b48b-af5f-4dd2-8e31-fb72c4bbad99

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 October 2022
                : 14 June 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Cuba

                Categories
                ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL DE INVESTIGACIÓN

                EGFR,Nimotuzumab,COVID-19,SARS-CoV2,inflammation,fibrosis,monoclonal antibody,nimotuzumab,SARS-CoV-2,inflamación,anticuerpo monoclonal

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