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      Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetically-Guided and Magnetically-Responsive Drug Delivery

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          Abstract

          In this review, we discuss the recent advances in and problems with the use of magnetically-guided and magnetically-responsive nanoparticles in drug delivery and magnetofection. In magnetically-guided nanoparticles, a constant external magnetic field is used to transport magnetic nanoparticles loaded with drugs to a specific site within the body or to increase the transfection capacity. Magnetofection is the delivery of nucleic acids under the influence of a magnetic field acting on nucleic acid vectors that are associated with magnetic nanoparticles. In magnetically-responsive nanoparticles, magnetic nanoparticles are encapsulated or embedded in a larger colloidal structure that carries a drug. In this last case, an alternating magnetic field can modify the structure of the colloid, thereby providing spatial and temporal control over drug release.

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          Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery

          Manuel Arruebo, Rodrigo Fernández Pacheco, M Ricardo Ibarra … (2007)
          Article 0 comments Cited 297 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Progress in applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine

            Q A Pankhurst, N T K Thanh, S Jones … (2009)
            Article 0 comments Cited 268 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Exploring polyethylenimine-mediated DNA transfection and the proton sponge hypothesis.

              Akin Akinc, Mini Thomas, Alexander M. Klibanov … (2005)
              The relatively high transfection efficiency of polyethylenimine (PEI) vectors has been hypothesized to be due to their ability to avoid trafficking to degradative lysosomes. According to the proton sponge hypothesis, the buffering capacity of PEI leads to osmotic swelling and rupture of endosomes, resulting in the release of the vector into the cytoplasm. The mechanism of PEI-mediated DNA transfer was investigated using quantitative methods to study individual steps in the overall transfection process. In addition to transfection efficiency, the cellular uptake, local pH environment, and stability of vectors were analyzed. N-Quaternized (and therefore non-proton sponge) versions of PEI and specific cell function inhibitors were used to further probe the proton sponge hypothesis. Both N-quaternization and the use of bafilomycin A1 (a vacuolar proton pump inhibitor) reduced the transfection efficiency of PEI by approximately two orders of magnitude. Chloroquine, which buffers lysosomes, enhanced the transfection efficiency of N-quaternized PEIs and polylysine by 2-3-fold. In contrast, chloroquine did not improve the transfection efficiency of PEI. The measured average pH environment of PEI vectors was 6.1, indicating that they successfully avoid trafficking to acidic lysosomes. Significantly lower average pH environments were observed for permethyl-PEI (pH 5.4), perethyl-PEI (pH 5.1), and polylysine (pH 4.6) vectors. Cellular uptake levels of permethyl-PEI and perethyl-PEI vectors were found to be 20 and 90% higher, respectively, than that of parent PEI vectors, indicating that the reduction in transfection activity of the N-quaternized PEIs is due to a barrier downstream of cellular uptake. A polycation/DNA-binding affinity assessment showed that the more charge dense N-quaternized PEIs bind DNA less tightly than PEI, demonstrating that poor vector unpackaging was not responsible for the reduced transfection activity of the N-quaternized PEIs. The results obtained are consistent with the proton sponge hypothesis and strongly suggest that the transfection activity of PEI vectors is due to their unique ability to avoid acidic lysosomes. Copyright (c) 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
              Article 0 comments Cited 252 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                O. Thompson Mefford: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 April 2015
                Publication date Collection: April 2015
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 8070-8101
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Departament de Fisicoquímica; Facultat de Farmàcia; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; E-Mail: mabusquetsvinas@ 123456ub.edu
                [2 ]Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; E-Mail: eescribano@ 123456ub.edu
                [3 ]Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia; Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; E-Mail: josepqueralt@ 123456ub.edu
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: joanestelrich@ 123456ub.edu ; Tel.: +34-93-402-4559; Fax: +34-93-403-5987.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-16-08070
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms16048070
                PMC ID: 4425068
                PubMed ID: 25867479
                SO-VID: 378f091c-839d-46d3-a0da-846aa89add2f
                Copyright © © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 04 March 2015
                Date accepted : 03 April 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: magnetic nanoparticles,magnetoliposomes,liposomes,gels,nanotechnology,controlled release,chemotherapy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: magnetic nanoparticles, magnetoliposomes, liposomes, gels, nanotechnology, controlled release, chemotherapy

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