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      Do we really know who are left behind and who are at risk of being left behind? Translated title: Sabemos realmente quem é deixado para trás e quem corre o risco de ficar para trás?

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          Abstract

          There is enough evidence to show the importance of the first 1000 days of life for child survival and development, and the next 8000 days for a child to reach adulthood. Yet discrimination, place of residence, socio-economic status, and inequalities within and between countries contribute to earlier mortality and significant morbidities for mothers and their children, particularly in settings with limited resources. Therefore, many children and adolescents and their families were left behind. JHGD has been raising public health issues related to inequalities and right to health. In this issue, articles generate debate around human dignity and health disparities. Several articles discuss a verity of health issues particularly in Amazon and Northeast region. School health was also discussed in this issue. Three studies were conducted in schools in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Research indicate that many children and adolescents are left behind. We are missing many opportunities to bridge the gap of inequality. Actions need to be taken now to make sure no one is left behind.

          Translated abstract

          Há evidências para mostrar a importância dos primeiros 1000 dias de vida para a sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento da criança e dos próximos 8000 dias para a criança atingir a idade adulta. Entretanto, o local de residência, o status socioeconômico, a discriminação e as desigualdades dentro e entre os países contribuem para a mortalidade precoce e morbidades significativas para as mães e seus filhos, particularmente em ambientes com recursos limitados, sendo que muitas crianças, adolescentes e suas famílias estão em situação de vulnerabilidade. Como contribuição ao campo da saúde pública, o Journal of Human Growth and Development (JHGD) tem promovido discussões acerca das questões de saúde pública relacionadas às desigualdades e direito à saúde. Nesta edição, os artigos geram debate em torno da dignidade humana e das disparidades de saúde. Diversos artigos discutem a veracidade das questões de saúde, particularmente na região amazônica e nordeste. Além de saúde escolar, que também foi discutida nesta edição. Três estudos foram conduzidos em escolas do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pesquisas indicam que muitas crianças e adolescentes são negligenciados. Estamos perdendo muitas oportunidades para preencher a lacuna da desigualdade. Ações precisam ser tomadas agora para garantir que ninguém seja deixado para trás.

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          Research methodology topics: Cross-sectional studies

          In health the most frequent researches are done in the form of observational studies. In this type of scientific research the researchers do not interfere with the phenomena under study, only observe in a systematic and standardized manner, collecting and recording information, data or materials that spontaneously occur at a particular time of the health-disease process, or along its natural evolution, and then proceed with its description and/or analysis. In observational studies normally four types of study design are used: case series studies, cross-section studies, case-control studies and cohort studies. Thus, cross-sectional studies are very useful in descriptive studies when used in studies that are proposed to be analytical, the results must be interpreted by researchers with good experience in that specific field of knowledge, using a lot of caution and common sense.
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            Strategies to increase demand for maternal health services in resource-limited settings: challenges to be addressed

            Background Universal health access will not be achieved unless women are cared for in their own communities and are empowered to take decisions about their own health in a supportive environment. This will only be achieved by community-based demand side interventions for maternal health access. In this review article, we highlight three common strategies to increase demand-side barriers to maternal healthcare access and identify the main challenges that still need to be addressed for these strategies to be effective. Discussion Common demand side strategies can be grouped into three categories:(i) Financial incentives/subsidies; (ii) Enhancing patient transfer, and; (iii) Community involvement. The main challenges in assessing the effectiveness or efficacy of these interventions or strategies are the lack of quality evidence on their outcome and impact and interventions not integrated into existing health or community systems. However, what is highlighted in this review and overlooked in most of the published literature on this topic is the lack of knowledge about the context in which these strategies are to be implemented. Summary We suggest three challenges that need to be addressed to create a supportive environment in which these demand-side strategies can effectively improve access to maternal health services. These include: addressing decision-making norms, engaging in intergenerational dialogue, and designing contextually appropriate communication strategies.
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              Patterns and determinants of pathways to reach comprehensive emergency obstetric and neonatal care (CEmONC) in South Sudan: qualitative diagrammatic pathway analysis

              Background Maternity referral systems have been under-documented, under-researched, and under-theorised. Responsive emergency referral systems and appropriate transportation are cornerstones in the continuum of care and central to the complex health system. The pathways that women follow to reach Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care (EmONC) once a decision has been made to seek care have received relatively little attention. The aim of this research was to identify patterns and determinants of the pathways pregnant women follow from the onset of labour or complications until they reach an appropriate health facility. Methods This study was conducted in Renk County in South Sudan between 2010 and 2012. Data was collected using Critical Incident Technique (CIT) and stakeholder interviews. CIT systematically identified pathways to healthcare during labour, and factors associated with an event of maternal mortality or near miss through a series of in-depth interviews with witnesses or those involved. Face-to-face stakeholder interviews were conducted with 28 purposively identified key informants. Diagrammatic pathway and thematic analysis were conducted using NVIVO 10 software. Results Once the decision is made to seek emergency obstetric care, the pregnant woman may face a series of complex steps before she reaches an appropriate health facility. Four pathway patterns to CEmONC were identified of which three were associated with high rates of maternal death: late referral, zigzagging referral, and multiple referrals. Women who bypassed nonfunctional Basic EmONC facilities and went directly to CEmONC facilities (the fourth pathway pattern) were most likely to survive. Overall, the competencies of the providers and the functionality of the first point of service determine the pathway to further care. Conclusions Our findings indicate that outcomes are better where there is no facility available than when the woman accesses a non-functioning facility, and the absence of a healthcare provider is better than the presence of a non-competent provider. Visiting non-functioning or partially functioning healthcare facilities on the way to competent providers places the woman at greater risk of dying. Non-functioning facilities and non-competent providers are likely to contribute to the deaths of women. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12884-017-1463-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbcdh
                Journal of Human Growth and Development
                J. Hum. Growth Dev.
                Centro de Estudos de Crescimento e Desenvolvimento do Ser Humano (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0104-1282
                2175-3598
                2018
                : 28
                : 3
                : 218-222
                Affiliations
                [02] Santo André orgnameCentro Universitário FMABC Brazil
                [03] SC orgnameUniversidade do Estado de Santa Catarina Brazil
                [01] orgnameUniversity of Limerick orgdiv1Graduate Entry Medical School Ireland
                Article
                S0104-12822018000300001
                10.7322/jhgd.152135
                378f9e78-2233-48cb-8388-40e4e3d26089

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : November 2018
                : November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Periódicos Eletrônicos em Psicologia

                Categories
                Editorial

                atenção primária à saúde,primary healthcare,adolescent health,child health,health inequalities,saúde do adolescente,saúde infantil,desigualdades em saúde

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