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      Bebidas de soja y salud femenina. Revisión de la evidencia y opinión de expertos Translated title: Soy beverages and women's health: evidence review and experts opinion

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          Abstract

          Resumen Las bebidas vegetales de soja constituyen una alternativa dentro de la dieta habitual. Sin embargo, existe la preocupación de potenciales efectos en la salud reproductiva de la mujer por mecanismos de disrupción endócrina. En esta revisión se evalúan documentos científicos en el área de la Ginecología y la Obstetricia bajo el tamiz de la medicina basada en la evidencia, respondiendo preguntas estructuradas. La metodología se apegó a las guías establecidas por la declaración PRISMA 2020. Los estudios evaluados descartan un riesgo incrementado de pubertad precoz o cáncer de mama; incluso se aprecia un efecto protector frente a dicha neoplasia. Se ha reportado el paso transplacentario de isoflavonas de soja y su presencia en la leche materna, sin que ello implique una relación con complicaciones materno-fetales o malformaciones congénitas. La exposición a productos de soja no parece influir sobre el peso corporal y la salud ósea de la mujer. Los estudios en adultos indican que la soja favorece un mínimo incremento de tirotropina (TSH) en personas con antecedente de hipotiroidismo subclínico. El impacto de los alimentos basados en soja sobre la microbiota intestinal parece ser favorable para su diversidad, particularmente al consumir productos fermentados. Muchos de los estudios en humanos han sido realizados con suplementos de isoflavonas o con productos que contienen proteínas aisladas o texturizadas de soja. Por tanto, los resultados y las conclusiones deben interpretarse con cautela ya que no son totalmente extrapolables a las bebidas comerciales de soja.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Soy drinks are an increasingly consumed option within the Western diet. However, there are concerns about potential endocrine disruptor effects and possible impact on women's reproductive health. This review evaluates scientific documents in gynecology and obstetrics under an evidence-based medicine approach. All methods adhered to PRISMA 2020 declaration guidelines. The evaluated studies do not support a positive association between soy intake and early puberty or breast cancer; instead, a protective effect against such neoplasm was observed. Transplacental passage of soy isoflavones and their presence in breast milk has been reported without any maternal-fetal complications nor congenital malformations. Exposure to soy-derived products appears to have a neutral effect on body weight and bone health. Studies performed in adults indicate that soy may promote a minimal increase in thyrotropin (TSH) in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism. The impact of soy-based foods on gut microbiota appears favorable, especially when consuming fermented products. Many of the human studies have been conducted with isoflavones supplements, isolated or textured soy proteins. Therefore, the results and conclusions should be interpreted cautiously, as these are not entirely applicable to commercial soy beverages.

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          Most cited references82

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          Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement.

          There is growing interest in the possible health threat posed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are substances in our environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action resulting in a deviation from normal homeostatic control or reproduction. In this first Scientific Statement of The Endocrine Society, we present the evidence that endocrine disruptors have effects on male and female reproduction, breast development and cancer, prostate cancer, neuroendocrinology, thyroid, metabolism and obesity, and cardiovascular endocrinology. Results from animal models, human clinical observations, and epidemiological studies converge to implicate EDCs as a significant concern to public health. The mechanisms of EDCs involve divergent pathways including (but not limited to) estrogenic, antiandrogenic, thyroid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, retinoid, and actions through other nuclear receptors; steroidogenic enzymes; neurotransmitter receptors and systems; and many other pathways that are highly conserved in wildlife and humans, and which can be modeled in laboratory in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, EDCs represent a broad class of molecules such as organochlorinated pesticides and industrial chemicals, plastics and plasticizers, fuels, and many other chemicals that are present in the environment or are in widespread use. We make a number of recommendations to increase understanding of effects of EDCs, including enhancing increased basic and clinical research, invoking the precautionary principle, and advocating involvement of individual and scientific society stakeholders in communicating and implementing changes in public policy and awareness.
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            Examination of US puberty-timing data from 1940 to 1994 for secular trends: panel findings.

            Whether children, especially girls, are entering and progressing through puberty earlier today than in the mid-1900s has been debated. Secular trend analysis, based on available data, is limited by data comparability among studies in different populations, in different periods of time, and using different methods. As a result, conclusions from data comparisons have not been consistent. An expert panel was asked to evaluate the weight of evidence for whether the data, collected from 1940 to 1994, are sufficient to suggest or establish a secular trend in the timing of puberty markers in US boys or girls. A majority of the panelists agreed that data are sufficient to suggest a trend toward an earlier breast development onset and menarche in girls but not for other female pubertal markers. A minority of panelists concluded that the current data on girls' puberty timing for any marker are insufficient. Almost all panelists concluded, on the basis of few studies and reliability issues of some male puberty markers, that current data for boys are insufficient to evaluate secular trends in male pubertal development. The panel agreed that altered puberty timing should be considered an adverse effect, although the magnitude of change considered adverse was not assessed. The panel recommended (1) additional analyses of existing puberty-timing data to examine secular trends and trends in the temporal sequence of pubertal events; (2) the development of biomarkers for pubertal timing and methods to discriminate fat versus breast tissue, and (3) establishment of cohorts to examine pubertal markers longitudinally within the same individuals.
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              Soy, Soy Foods and Their Role in Vegetarian Diets

              Soy is a basic food ingredient of traditional Asian cuisine used for thousands of years. In Western countries, soybeans have been introduced about a hundred years ago and recently they are mainly used for surrogate foods production. Soy and soy foods are common nutritional solutions for vegetarians, due to their high protein content and versatility in the production of meat analogues and milk substitutes. However, there are some doubts about the potential effects on health, such as the effectiveness on cardiovascular risk reduction or, conversely, on the possible disruption of thyroid function and sexual hormones. The soy components that have stimulated the most research interest are isoflavones, which are polyphenols with estrogenic properties highly contained in soybeans. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of soy and soy foods, focusing on their nutrient content, including phytoestrogens and other bioactive substances that are noteworthy for vegetarians, the largest soy consumers in the Western countries. The safety of use will also be discussed, given the growing trend in adoption of vegetarian styles and the new soy-based foods availability.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                October 2023
                : 40
                : 5
                : 1056-1067
                Affiliations
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameFundación Clínica Médica Sur México
                [8] Mérida Yucatán orgnameUniversidad Marista de Mérida orgdiv1Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud Mexico
                [15] Ciudad de México orgnameHospital Ángeles del Pedregal México
                [12] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco orgdiv1Departamento de Atención a la Salud México
                [10] Ciudad de México orgnameColegio Mexicano de Especialistas en Ginecología y Obstetricia México
                [9] Madrid orgnameHospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz orgdiv1Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición Spain
                [7] Cuernavaca orgnameHospital Henri Dunant México
                [5] Ciudad de México orgnameHospital Juárez de México México
                [2] Ciudad de México orgnameHospital Médica Sur orgdiv1Medicina Materno-Fetal orgdiv2Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia México
                [3] Ciudad de México orgnameHospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia orgdiv1Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad (UMAE) México
                [14] Ciudad de México orgnameHospital Médica Sur México
                [4] Ciudad de México orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social orgdiv1Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia “Luis Castelazo Ayala” Mexico
                [13] Mérida orgnameCentro Médico de las Américas México
                [6] Cuernavaca orgnameEjercicio profesional privado México
                [11] Puebla orgnameEjercicio profesional privado México
                Article
                S0212-16112023000600020 S0212-1611(23)04000500020
                10.20960/nh.04372
                37955c12-2f5c-41db-acd2-31d51bf778f7

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 26 July 2022
                : 05 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 82, Pages: 12
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisiones

                Isoflavonas,Función estrogénica,Riesgo obstétrico,Salud de la mujer,Soy vegetable drinks,Isoflavones,Reproductive health,Estrogenic function,Obstetric risk,Women's health,Salud reproductiva,Bebidas vegetales de soja

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