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      Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related pneumonia and other complications Translated title: Neumonía relacionada con la gripe A(H1N1)pdm09 y otras complicaciones

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          Abstract

          Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection was associated with significant morbidity, mainly among children and young adults. The majority of patients had self-limited mild-to-moderate uncomplicated disease. However, some patients developed severe illness and some died. In addition to respiratory complications, several complications due to direct and indirect effects on other body systems were associated with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection. The main complications reported in hospitalized adults with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were pneumonia (primary influenza pneumonia and concomitant/secondary bacterial pneumonia), exacerbations of chronic pulmonary diseases (mainly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), the need for intensive unit care admission (including mechanical ventilation, acute respiratory distress syndrome and septic shock), nosocomial infections and acute cardiac events. In experimentally infected animals, the level of pulmonary replication of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was higher than that of seasonal influenza viruses. Pathological studies in autopsy specimens indicated that the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus mainly targeted the lower respiratory tract, resulting in diffuse alveolar damage (edema, hyaline membranes, inflammation, and fibrosis), manifested clinically by severe acute respiratory distress syndrome with refractory hypoxemia. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-related pneumonia and other complications were associated with increased morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients.

          Resumen

          Si bien la mayoría de los pacientes infectados por el virus de la gripe A(H1N1)pdm09 tuvieron enfermedad no complicada, autolimitada, leve a moderada, la infección se caracterizó por una morbilidad significativa, especialmente entre niños y adultos jóvenes, de forma que algunos pacientes desarrollaron una enfermedad grave y algunos murieron. La infección por virus de la gripe A(H1N1)pdm09 se asoció no sólo con complicaciones respiratorias, sino también con complicaciones debidas a los efectos directos e indirectos sobre otros sistemas del organismo. En los pacientes adultos hospitalizados las complicaciones principales fueron neumonía (neumonía primaria por gripe y neumonía bacteriana concomitante/secundaria), exacerbaciones de enfermedades pulmonares crónicas (principalmente enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica y asma), necesidad para la admisión en unidad de cuidados intensivos (incluso ventilación mecánica, síndrome de dolor respiratorio agudo y shock séptico), infecciones nosocomiales y acontecimientos cardíacos agudos. En los animales de experimentación infectados con virus de la gripe A(H1N1)pdm09 el nivel de replicación del virus a nivel pulmonar era más alto que el de los virus de la gripe estacional. Los estudios anatomopatológicos de muestras de autopsia mostraron que el virus de la gripe A(H1N1)pdm09 actúa principalmente sobre el tracto respiratorio inferior, provocando lesión difusa del alveolo (edema, membranas hialinas, inflamación y fibrosis), lo que se traduce clínicamente en un síndrome de distrés respiratorio agudo grave con hipoxemia refractaria. La neumonía y otras complicaciones relacionadas con la gripe por virus A(H1N1)pdm09 se asociaron a una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad en los pacientes hospitalizados.

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          Most cited references48

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          Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico.

          In late March 2009, an outbreak of a respiratory illness later proved to be caused by novel swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) was identified in Mexico. We describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of persons hospitalized for pneumonia at the national tertiary hospital for respiratory illnesses in Mexico City who had laboratory-confirmed S-OIV infection, also known as swine flu. We used retrospective medical chart reviews to collect data on the hospitalized patients. S-OIV infection was confirmed in specimens with the use of a real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay. From March 24 through April 24, 2009, a total of 18 cases of pneumonia and confirmed S-OIV infection were identified among 98 patients hospitalized for acute respiratory illness at the National Institute of Respiratory Diseases in Mexico City. More than half of the 18 case patients were between 13 and 47 years of age, and only 8 had preexisting medical conditions. For 16 of the 18 patients, this was the first hospitalization for their illness; the other 2 patients were referred from other hospitals. All patients had fever, cough, dyspnea or respiratory distress, increased serum lactate dehydrogenase levels, and bilateral patchy pneumonia. Other common findings were an increased creatine kinase level (in 62% of patients) and lymphopenia (in 61%). Twelve patients required mechanical ventilation, and seven died. Within 7 days after contact with the initial case patients, a mild or moderate influenza-like illness developed in 22 health care workers; they were treated with oseltamivir, and none were hospitalized. S-OIV infection can cause severe illness, the acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death in previously healthy persons who are young to middle-aged. None of the secondary infections among health care workers were severe. 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1): pathology and pathogenesis of 100 fatal cases in the United States.

            In the spring of 2009, a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus emerged in North America and spread worldwide to cause the first influenza pandemic since 1968. During the first 4 months, over 500 deaths in the United States had been associated with confirmed 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) [2009 H1N1] virus infection. Pathological evaluation of respiratory specimens from initial influenza-associated deaths suggested marked differences in viral tropism and tissue damage compared with seasonal influenza and prompted further investigation. Available autopsy tissue samples were obtained from 100 US deaths with laboratory-confirmed 2009 H1N1 virus infection. Demographic and clinical data of these case-patients were collected, and the tissues were evaluated by multiple laboratory methods, including histopathological evaluation, special stains, molecular and immunohistochemical assays, viral culture, and electron microscopy. The most prominent histopathological feature observed was diffuse alveolar damage in the lung in all case-patients examined. Alveolar lining cells, including type I and type II pneumocytes, were the primary infected cells. Bacterial co-infections were identified in >25% of the case-patients. Viral pneumonia and immunolocalization of viral antigen in association with diffuse alveolar damage are prominent features of infection with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Underlying medical conditions and bacterial co-infections contributed to the fatal outcome of this infection. More studies are needed to understand the multifactorial pathogenesis of this infection.
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              Complications of Viral Influenza

              Viral influenza is a seasonal infection associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In the United States more than 35,000 deaths and 200,000 hospitalizations due to influenza occur annually, and the number is increasing. Children aged less than 1 year and adults aged more than 65 years, pregnant woman, and people of any age with comorbid illnesses are at highest risk. Annual vaccination is the cornerstone of prevention, but some older patients may derive less benefit from immunization than otherwise fit individuals. If started promptly, antiviral medications may reduce complications of acute influenza, but increasing resistance to amantadine and perhaps neuraminidase inhibitors underscores the need for novel prevention and treatment strategies. Pulmonary complications of influenza are most common and include primary influenza and secondary bacterial infection. Either may cause pneumonia, and each has a unique clinical presentation and pathologic basis. Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains, is an important cause of secondary bacterial pneumonia with high mortality. During influenza season, treatment of pneumonia should include empiric coverage for this pathogen. Neuromuscular and cardiac complications are unusual but may manifest in persons of any age.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin
                Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin
                Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica
                Elsevier España, S.L.
                0213-005X
                1578-1852
                29 October 2012
                October 2012
                29 October 2012
                : 30
                : 43-48
                Affiliations
                [a ]Infectious Disease Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
                [b ]Infectious Disease Department, Hospital San Pedro de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
                [c ]Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Barcelona-SCIAS, Barcelona, Spain
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. jcarratala@ 123456ub.edu
                Article
                S0213-005X(12)70104-0
                10.1016/S0213-005X(12)70104-0
                7130364
                23116792
                37b64b94-99b8-45ac-8613-111027cfe55e
                Copyright © 2012 Elsevier España, S.L. All rights reserved.

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

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                influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus,complication,pneumonia,intensive care unit,mortality,virus de la gripe a (h1n1)pdm09,complicaciones,neumonía,unidad de cuidados intensivos,mortalidad

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