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      Artificial Intelligence and brain

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          Abstract

          From the start, Kurt Godel observed that computer and brain paradigms were considered on a par by researchers and that researchers had misunderstood his theorems. He hailed with displeasure that the brain transcends computers. In this brief article, we point out that Artificial Intelligence (AI) comprises multitudes of human-made methodologies, systems, and languages, and implemented with computer technology. These advances enhance development in the electron and quantum realms. In the biological realm, animal neurons function, also utilizing electron flow, and are products of evolution. Mirror neurons are an important paradigm in neuroscience research. Moreover, the paradigm shift proposed here - 'hall of mirror neurons' - is a potentially further productive research tactic. These concepts further expand AI and brain research.

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          Where do mirror neurons come from?

          Cecilia Heyes (2010)
          Debates about the evolution of the 'mirror neuron system' imply that it is an adaptation for action understanding. Alternatively, mirror neurons may be a byproduct of associative learning. Here I argue that the adaptation and associative hypotheses both offer plausible accounts of the origin of mirror neurons, but the associative hypothesis has three advantages. First, it provides a straightforward, testable explanation for the differences between monkeys and humans that have led some researchers to question the existence of a mirror neuron system. Second, it is consistent with emerging evidence that mirror neurons contribute to a range of social cognitive functions, but do not play a dominant, specialised role in action understanding. Finally, the associative hypothesis is supported by recent data showing that, even in adulthood, the mirror neuron system can be transformed by sensorimotor learning. The associative account implies that mirror neurons come from sensorimotor experience, and that much of this experience is obtained through interaction with others. Therefore, if the associative account is correct, the mirror neuron system is a product, as well as a process, of social interaction. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Development of neural stem cell in the adult brain.

            Xin Duan, Eunchai Kang, Ying Liu … (2008)
            New neurons are continuously generated in the dentate gyrus of the mammalian hippocampus and in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles throughout life. The origin of these new neurons is believed to be from multipotent adult neural stem cells. Aided by new methodologies, significant progress has been made in the characterization of neural stem cells and their development in the adult brain. Recent studies have also begun to reveal essential extrinsic and intrinsic molecular mechanisms that govern sequential steps of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus and subventricular zone/olfactory bulb, from proliferation and fate specification of neural progenitors to maturation, navigation, and synaptic integration of the neuronal progeny. Future identification of molecular mechanisms and physiological functions of adult neurogenesis will provide further insight into the plasticity and regenerative capacity of the mature central nervous system.
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              What We Know Currently about Mirror Neurons

              J.M. Kilner, R.N. Lemon (2013)
              Mirror neurons were discovered over twenty years ago in the ventral premotor region F5 of the macaque monkey. Since their discovery much has been written about these neurons, both in the scientific literature and in the popular press. They have been proposed to be the neuronal substrate underlying a vast array of different functions. Indeed so much has been written about mirror neurons that last year they were referred to, rightly or wrongly, as “The most hyped concept in neuroscience”. Here we try to cut through some of this hyperbole and review what is currently known (and not known) about mirror neurons.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Bioinformation
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Bioinformation
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Bioinformation
                Title: Bioinformation
                Publisher: Biomedical Informatics
                ISSN (Electronic): 0973-2063
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 January 2018
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 38-41
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606, USA;
                Author notes
                Article
                Publisher ID: 97320630014038
                DOI: 10.6026/97320630014038
                PMC ID: 5818638
                SO-VID: 37bf8b40-04a3-4d9c-b01f-0682a1eb840f
                Copyright © © 2018 Biomedical Informatics
                License:

                This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. This is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

                History
                Date received : 19 December 2017
                Date revision received : 24 January 2018
                Date accepted : 24 January 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Views

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Bioinformatics & Computational biology
                Keywords: artificial intelligence (ai),neuroscience,biomedicine,ecosystem,brain,cognitive architecture,self-motivated behavior,symbol grounding,language grounding,cognitive science,games,event schemata,deep learning,mirror neuron,shadow neuron,neuron manifold,neuron group,neuron colony,gene expression,research,development,topology,manifold,fiber bundle,computer,machine,cognition,awareness,consciousness,quantum computers,robotics,co-robotics (cobots),godel,paradigm shift,hall of mirror neurons,neuropsychiatric disease
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Bioinformatics & Computational biology
                Keywords: artificial intelligence (ai), neuroscience, biomedicine, ecosystem, brain, cognitive architecture, self-motivated behavior, symbol grounding, language grounding, cognitive science, games, event schemata, deep learning, mirror neuron, shadow neuron, neuron manifold, neuron group, neuron colony, gene expression, research, development, topology, manifold, fiber bundle, computer, machine, cognition, awareness, consciousness, quantum computers, robotics, co-robotics (cobots), godel, paradigm shift, hall of mirror neurons, neuropsychiatric disease

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