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      Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study in tertiary care hospitals of Jammu and Kashmir

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg attaches somewhere outside the uterus.There are many risk factors for ectopic pregnancy. This study will help us to prepare a list of risk factors associated with ectopic pregnancy in our state. In addition, it will help implement a risk-reduction counseling program before conception, which will help us screen high-risk patients and reduce and manage ectopic pregnancy. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted in our department for two years, from August 2018 to July 2019. Cases included all patients with ectopic pregnancy admitted in labor. A total of 192 cases were taken, out of which 8 cases refused to participate in the study, so 184 patients were included in the study. Results: Patients with previous ectopic pregnancy have 6.34 times increased risk of a repeat ectopic pregnancy (odds ratio 6.34, confidence interval 1.40-28.77), and this association was highly significant (p = 0.006). The risk of ectopic pregnancy is 3.02 times increased (odds ratio 3.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-7.84) if the patient once had the pelvic inflammatory disease and is statistically significant (p = 0.01). The study also revealed that 17 (10.3%) patients with ectopic pregnancy had a history of tubal ligation or some other tubal surgery done in the past compared to 3 (2.2%) patients among controls, and this finding is statistically highly significant (p = 0.001). Conclusions: In the present study, we found that the main risk factors for incidence of ectopic pregnancy are prior ectopic pregnancy, prior tubal ligation, and prior pelvic/abdominal surgery. In addition, ectopic pregnancy was positively related to the previous history of ectopic pregnancy, abortion, cesarean section, and infertility. These findings can be helpful for early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy to pursue proper medical therapy instead of unnecessarily surgical treatment.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: Un embarazo ectópico ocurre cuando un óvulo fertilizado se adhiere en algún lugar fuera del útero. Existen muchos factores de riesgo para el embarazo ectópico. Este estudio nos ayudará a preparar una lista de factores de riesgo asociados con el embarazo ectópico en nuestro estado. Además, ayudará a implementar un programa de asesoramiento para la reducción de riesgos antes de la concepción, que nos ayudará a evaluar a las pacientes de alto riesgo y reducir y controlar el embarazo ectópico. Materiales y métodos: El presente estudio se realizó en nuestro servicio durante dos años, de agosto de 2018 a julio de 2019. Los casos incluyeron a todas las pacientes con embarazo ectópico ingresadas en trabajo de parto. Se tomaron un total de 192 casos, de los cuales 8 casos se negaron a participar en el estudio, por lo que se incluyeron 184 pacientes en el estudio. Resultados: Las pacientes con un embarazo ectópico previo tienen un riesgo 6,34 veces mayor de un embarazo ectópico repetido (razón de probabilidades 6,34, intervalo de confianza 1,40-28,77), y esta asociación fue muy significativa (p = 0,006). El riesgo de embarazo ectópico aumenta 3,02 veces (razón de posibilidades 3,10; intervalo de confianza del 95%, 1,16-7,84) si la paciente tuvo una vez la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica y es estadísticamente significativa (p = 0,01). El estudio también reveló que 17 (10,3%) pacientes con embarazo ectópico tenían antecedentes de ligadura de trompas o alguna otra cirugía de trompas realizada en el pasado en comparación con 3 (2,2%) pacientes entre los controles, y este hallazgo es estadísticamente muy significativo (p = 0,001). Conclusiones: En el presente estudio, encontramos que los principales factores de riesgo de incidencia de embarazo ectópico son embarazo ectópico previo, ligadura de trompas previa y cirugía pélvica/abdominal previa. Además, el embarazo ectópico se relacionó positivamente con la historia previa de embarazo ectópico, aborto, cesárea e infertilidad. Estos hallazgos pueden ser útiles para el diagnóstico temprano de embarazo ectópico para buscar una terapia médica adecuada en lugar de un tratamiento quirúrgico innecesario.

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          Most cited references25

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          Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control, population-based study in France.

          This case-control study was associated with a regional register of ectopic pregnancy between 1993 and 2000 in France. It included 803 cases of ectopic pregnancy and 1,683 deliveries and was powerful enough to investigate all ectopic pregnancy risk factors. The main risk factors were infectious history (adjusted attributable risk = 0.33; adjusted odds ratio for previous pelvic infectious disease = 3.4, 95% percent confidence interval (CI): 2.4, 5.0) and smoking (adjusted attributable risk = 0.35; adjusted odds ratio = 3.9, 95% CI: 2.6, 5.9 for >20 cigarettes/day vs. women who had never smoked). The other risk factors were age (associated per se with a risk of ectopic pregnancy), prior spontaneous abortions, history of infertility, and previous use of an intrauterine device. Prior medical induced abortion was associated with a risk of ectopic pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio = 2.8, 95% CI: 1.1, 7.2); no such association was observed for surgical abortion (adjusted odds ratio = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8, 1.6). The total attributable risk of all the factors investigated was 0.76. As close associations were found between ectopic pregnancy and infertility and between ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion, further research into ectopic pregnancy should focus on risk factors common to these conditions. In terms of public health, increasing awareness of the effects of smoking may be useful for ectopic pregnancy prevention.
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            Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis.

            To review current knowledge on the risk of ectopic pregnancy (EP), with the exception of contraceptive methods. Meta-analysis. Case control and cohort studies published between 1978 and 1994 in English, French, German, or Dutch, retrieved by Medline search, crossover search from the papers obtained, and hand-search on recent medical journals. A total number of 6,718 cases of EP in 27 case control studies and 13,049 exposed women in 9 cohort studies. Detected studies were tested for homogeneity. If homogeneity was not rejected, Mantel-Haenszel common odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Previous EP, previous tubal surgery, documented tubal pathology, and in utero diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure were found to be associated strongly with the occurrence of EP. Previous genital infections (pelvic inflammatory disease [PID], chlamydia, gonorrhoea), infertility, and a lifetime number of sexual partners > 1 were associated with a mildly increased risk. For gonorrhoea, PID, previous EP, previous tubal surgery, and smoking, a higher common OR was calculated when using pregnant controls compared with using nonpregnant controls. The strong risk in women with a previous EP, previous tubal surgery, documented tubal pathology, or in utero DES exposure justifies the exploration of a screening policy for EP among these women. If a risk factor reduces fertility chances, the OR detected when using pregnant controls is higher than the OR calculated using nonpregnant controls.
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              Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy in women with symptomatic first-trimester pregnancies.

              To evaluate the association between ectopic pregnancy (EP) and clinical and historical factors among women presenting with pain and/or bleeding in early pregnancy. Nested case-control study. University medical center. Women with symptomatic early pregnancies of unknown location presenting for care between January 1, 1990 and July 31, 1999. None. Clinical and historical risk factors were compared between women with EP and women with ongoing intrauterine pregnancies or spontaneous abortions. The following factors were associated with increased risk of EP: prior EP (odds ratio, 2.98 [95% confidence interval, 1.88-4.73] for one prior EP and 16.04 [5.39-47.72] for 2 or more), pelvic inflammatory disease history (1.5 [1.11-2.05]), pain at presentation (1.42 [1.06-1.92]), vaginal bleeding at presentation (1.42 [1.04-1.93]), and hCG of 501-2,000 mIU/mL (1.73 [1.24-2.42]). Age younger than 25 years (0.59 [0.41-0.85]) and a history of abortion were protective from EP (0.58 [0.38-0.90]). Prior nontubal pelvic surgery, past intrauterine device use, prior cesarean section, and current cervical infection demonstrated no association with EP. Evaluation of women with a symptomatic early pregnancy confirms and refutes some of the classical risk factors for EP. Prior EP is a strong risk factor, whereas pelvic inflammatory disease has an unexpected weak association. Previous abortion was found to have a negative association, whereas nontubal surgery, cesarean section, and a history of or concomitant cervical infection have no association. Knowledge of historical and clinical factors associated with EP may aid in early diagnosis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijm
                Iberoamerican Journal of Medicine
                Iberoam J Med
                Hospital San Pedro (Logroño, La Rioja, Spain )
                2695-5075
                2695-5075
                2021
                : 3
                : 4
                : 293-299
                Affiliations
                [1] Jammu orgnameSMGS Hospital orgdiv1Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology India
                Article
                S2695-50752021000400002 S2695-5075(21)00300400002
                10.53986/ibjm.2021.0048
                37cfa46f-6f7b-44c6-ba66-e7b867dc445d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 July 2021
                : 20 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Article

                Factores de riesgo,Ectopic pregnancy,Pelvic inflamatory disease,Risk factors,Embarazo ectópico,Enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica

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