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      Streptococcus Salivarius: A Potential Salivary Biomarker for Orofacial Granulomatosis and Crohn’s Disease?

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          Abstract

          Background

          Orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) is a rare disease characterised by chronic, noncaseating, granulomatous inflammation primarily affecting the oral cavity. Histologically, it is similar to Crohn’s disease (CD), and a proportion of patients have both OFG and CD. The cause of OFG remains elusive, but it has been suggested that microbial interactions may be involved. The aim of this study was to compare the salivary microbial composition of subjects with OFG and/or CD and healthy controls.

          Methods

          Two hundred sixty-one subjects were recruited, of whom 78 had OFG only, 40 had both OFG and CD, 97 had CD only with no oral symptoms, and 46 were healthy controls. Bacterial community profiles were obtained by sequencing the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene.

          Results

          There were no differences in richness or diversity of the salivary bacterial communities between patient groups and controls. The relative abundance of the Streptococcus salivarius group was raised in patients with OFG or CD only compared with controls, whereas that of the Streptococcus mitis group was lower in CD compared with both OFG and controls. One S. salivarius oligotype made the major contribution to the increased proportions seen in patients with OFG and CD.

          Conclusions

          The salivary microbiome of individuals with OFG and CD was similar to that found in health, although the proportions of S. salivarius, a common oral Streptococcus, were raised. One specific strain-level oligotype was found to be primarily responsible for the increased levels seen.

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          Most cited references20

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          Oligotyping: differentiating between closely related microbial taxa using 16S rRNA gene data

          Bacteria comprise the most diverse domain of life on Earth, where they occupy nearly every possible ecological niche and play key roles in biological and chemical processes. Studying the composition and ecology of bacterial ecosystems and understanding their function are of prime importance. High-throughput sequencing technologies enable nearly comprehensive descriptions of bacterial diversity through 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons. Analyses of these communities generally rely upon taxonomic assignments through reference data bases or clustering approaches using de facto sequence similarity thresholds to identify operational taxonomic units. However, these methods often fail to resolve ecologically meaningful differences between closely related organisms in complex microbial data sets. In this paper, we describe oligotyping, a novel supervised computational method that allows researchers to investigate the diversity of closely related but distinct bacterial organisms in final operational taxonomic units identified in environmental data sets through 16S ribosomal RNA gene data by the canonical approaches. Our analysis of two data sets from two different environments demonstrates the capacity of oligotyping at discriminating distinct microbial populations of ecological importance. Oligotyping can resolve the distribution of closely related organisms across environments and unveil previously overlooked ecological patterns for microbial communities. The URL http://oligotyping.org offers an open-source software pipeline for oligotyping.
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            A Similarity Measure Based on Species Proportions

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              Recent Advances in Characterizing the Gastrointestinal Microbiome in Crohn's Disease: A Systematic Review

              Article first published online 3 April 2015.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Inflamm Bowel Dis
                Inflamm. Bowel Dis
                ibd
                Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
                Oxford University Press (US )
                1078-0998
                1536-4844
                August 2019
                23 February 2019
                23 February 2019
                : 25
                : 8
                : 1367-1374
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Gastroenterology, Kingston Hospital, London, United Kingdom
                [2 ]Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
                [3 ]Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
                [4 ]Oral Medicine Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
                [5 ]Department of Gastroenterology, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to: NJ Prescott, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, 7th Floor Tower Wing, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom. E-mail: natalie.prescott@ 123456kcl.ac.uk .
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2685-826X
                Article
                izz022
                10.1093/ibd/izz022
                6635823
                30796823
                38292cd9-f50f-41c5-a870-b596be304bcd
                © 2019 Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 October 2018
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London and The Wellcome Trust
                Award ID: 094491/Z/10/Z
                Categories
                Original Basic Science Articles

                Gastroenterology & Hepatology
                orofacial granulomatosis,microbiota,saliva,streptococcus
                Gastroenterology & Hepatology
                orofacial granulomatosis, microbiota, saliva, streptococcus

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