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      Obesity risk factors in a representative group of Polish prepubertal children

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The study aim was to evaluate risk factors of obesity in Polish children aged 7 to 9 years.

          Material and methods

          A representative group of 2571 children (1268 girls and 1303 boys) was randomly selected according to the European Childhood Obesity Group protocol. Weight and height were measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. A questionnaire was completed by the children's parents with respect to behavioural and family-related risk factors of obesity. International Obesity Task Force criteria were used for classification of children's obesity.

          Results

          Obesity was found in 3.7% of girls and 3.6% of boys. There was a statistically significant association between the prevalence of obesity in girls and their mother's obesity: OR = 5.06 (1.96–13.05), p < 0.001, father's obesity: OR = 5.19 (1.96–13.69), p < 0.001, and both parents’ obesity: OR = 5.43 (1.39–21.29), p = 0.01. Obesity in boys was significantly associated with mother's obesity: OR = 5.6 (2.6–12.02), p < 0.001, father's obesity: OR = 6.21 (2.89–13.37), p < 0.001, and both parents’ obesity: OR = 7.22 (2.44–31.33), p < 0.001. Skipping or irregular eating of breakfast was a risk factor for obesity in girls with OR = 2.71 (1.33–5.51), p = 0.005. Neither family income nor parents’ education level was related to their offspring's obesity. TV watching, physical activity level and eating in fast food places were not significant risk factors for obesity.

          Conclusions

          Eating breakfast regularly seems to protect girls from obesity development while low physical activity is not a significant obesity risk factor in this age group for either boys or girls. This finding stresses the more important role of healthy diet than physical activity promotion in obesity prevention in prepubertal children.

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          Most cited references25

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          Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity.

          Obesity has become a global epidemic but our understanding of the problem in children is limited due to lack of comparable representative data from different countries, and varying criteria for defining obesity. This paper summarises the available information on recent trends in child overweight and obesity prevalence. PubMed was searched for data relating to trends over time, in papers published between January 1980 and October 2005. Additional studies identified by citations in retrieved papers and by consultation with experts were included. Data for trends over time were found for school-age populations in 25 countries and for pre-school populations in 42 countries. Using these reports, and data collected for the World Health Organization's Burden of Disease Program, we estimated the global prevalence of overweight and obesity among school-age children for 2006 and likely prevalence levels for 2010. The prevalence of childhood overweight has increased in almost all countries for which data are available. Exceptions are found among school-age children in Russia and to some extent Poland during the 1990s. Exceptions are also found among infant and pre-school children in some lower-income countries. Obesity and overweight has increased more dramatically in economically developed countries and in urbanized populations. There is a growing global childhood obesity epidemic, with a large variation in secular trends across countries. Effective programs and policies are needed at global, regional and national levels to limit the problem among children.
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            Child to adult body mass index in the 1958 British birth cohort: associations with parental obesity.

            To assess relations between the adiposity of children and their parents and to establish whether tracking of adiposity from childhood to adulthood varies according to the parental body mass index (BMI). Longitudinal data from the 1958 British birth cohort study were used (6540 men and 6207 women). The height and weight of the study subjects were measured at 7, 11, 16, 23 (self reported), and 33 years. Parental height and weight were self reported when their children were 11 years old. The children were classified into six parental BMI (weight/height2) groups. At each age of follow up the mean BMI of the children increased as the parental BMI increased. Higher risks of adult (33 year) obesity were evident among children with overweight or obese parents: the odds for sons and daughters with two obese parents (compared with those with both parents of normal BMI) were 8.4 and 6.8, respectively. The children of two obese parents also showed the strongest child to adult tracking of BMI as indicated by the correlation between ages 7 and 33 (r = 0.46, 0.54, sons and daughters, respectively). The children of obese and overweight parents have an increased risk of obesity. Subjects with two obese parents are fatter in childhood and also show a stronger pattern of tracking from childhood to adulthood. As the prevalence of parental obesity increases in the general population the extent of child to adult tracking of BMI is likely to strengthen.
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              Fatness leads to inactivity, but inactivity does not lead to fatness: a longitudinal study in children (EarlyBird 45).

              To establish in children whether inactivity is the cause of fatness or fatness the cause of inactivity. A non-intervention prospective cohort study examining children annually from 7 to 10 years. Baseline versus change to follow-up associations were used to examine the direction of causality. Plymouth, England. 202 children (53% boys, 25% overweight/obese) recruited from 40 Plymouth primary schools as part of the EarlyBird study. Physical activity (PA) was measured using Actigraph accelerometers. The children wore the accelerometers for 7 consecutive days at each annual time point. Two components of PA were analysed: the total volume of PA and the time spent at moderate and vigorous intensities. Body fat per cent (BF%) was measured annually by dual energy x ray absorptiometry. BF% was predictive of changes in PA over the following 3 years, but PA levels were not predictive of subsequent changes in BF% over the same follow-up period. Accordingly, a 10% higher BF% at age 7 years predicted a relative decrease in daily moderate and vigorous intensities of 4 min from age 7 to 10 years (r=-0.17, p=0.02), yet more PA at 7 years did not predict a relative decrease in BF% between 7 and 10 years (r=-0.01, p=0.8). Physical inactivity appears to be the result of fatness rather than its cause. This reverse causality may explain why attempts to tackle childhood obesity by promoting PA have been largely unsuccessful.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Arch Med Sci
                Arch Med Sci
                AMS
                Archives of Medical Science : AMS
                Termedia Publishing House
                1734-1922
                1896-9151
                09 April 2013
                27 October 2014
                : 10
                : 5
                : 880-885
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
                [2 ]Institute of Statistic, Department of Instrumental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Aleksandra Januszek-Trzciąkowska PhD, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of Silesia, 16 Medyków St, 40-752 Katowice, Poland. Phone: +48 605 881 632, Fax: +48 32 207 16 53. E-mail: olatrz@ 123456poczta.onet.pl
                Article
                20263
                10.5114/aoms.2013.33328
                4223122
                25395938
                3834f49b-dabf-43c8-9e4f-7d9208b95cb9
                Copyright © 2014 Termedia & Banach

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License, permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 06 February 2012
                : 20 May 2012
                : 30 June 2012
                Categories
                Clinical Research

                Medicine
                obesity risk factors,children,parental obesity,physical activity
                Medicine
                obesity risk factors, children, parental obesity, physical activity

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