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      Imitation and the Developing Social Brain: Infants’ Somatotopic EEG Patterns for Acts of Self and Other Translated title: Imitación y desarrollo del cerebro social: Patrones somatotópicos del EEG de niños para sus propios actos y de otros

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          Abstract

          A leading question in developmental social-cognitive neuroscience concerns the nature and function of neural links between action perception and production in early human development. Here we document a somatotopic pattern of activity of the sensorimotor EEG mu rhythm in 14-month-old infants. EEG was recorded during interactive trials in which infants activated a novel object using their own hands or feet ("execution" trials) and watched an experimenter use her hands or feet to achieve the same goal ("observation" trials). At central electrodes overlying sensorimotor hand areas (C3/C4), mu rhythm power was reduced (indicating greater cortical activation) during infants’ execution of hand acts compared to foot acts. For the central electrode overlying the sensorimotor foot area (Cz), mu power was reduced during the execution of foot versus hand acts. Strikingly similar somatotopic patterns were found in both the action execution and observation conditions. We hypothesize that these somatotopic patterns index an intercorporeal mapping of corresponding body parts between self and other. We further propose that infants’ ability to identify self-other equivalences at the level of body parts underlies infant imitation and is an ontogenetic building block for the feelings of intersubjectivity we experience when socially engaged with other people.

          Translated abstract

          Un asunto importante en neurociencia social-cognitiva del desarrollo tiene relación con la naturaleza y la función de los enlaces neuronales entre la percepción de la acción y la producción de la misma en el desarrollo temprano del ser humano. Aquí documentamos un patrón somatotópico de la actividad de la EEG del Ritmo Mu sensorimotor en bebés de 14 meses de edad. La EEG fue registrada durante ensayos interactivos en los cuales los bebés activaron un objeto nuevo utilizando sus propias manos o pies (ensayos de "ejecución") y vieron a un experimentador usar sus manos o pies para lograr el mismo objetivo (ensayos de "observación"). En los electrodos centrales que cubren las áreas sensoriomotoras correspondientes a la mano (C3/C4), el poder del Ritmo Mu se redujo (indicando una mayor activación cortical) durante la ejecución por los bebés de actos de la mano en comparación con actos del pie. Para los electrodos centrales que cubren el área sensoriomotora correspondiente al pie (Cz), el poder Mu se redujo durante la ejecución de actos del pie versus actos de la mano. Sorprendetemente, patrones somatotópicos similares fueron encontrados tanto en la ejecución como en la observación de la acción. Tenemos la hipótesis de que estos patrones somatotópicos indican un mapeado intracorpóreo de las partes del cuerpo correspondientes entre uno mismo y los otros. Además, proponemos que la capacidad de los bebés para identificar equivalencias respecto a las partes del cuerpo entre ellos mismos y el otro es la base de la imitación infantil y es un bloque de construcción ontogenético para los sentimientos de intersubjetividad que experimentamos cuando nos comprometemos socialmente con otras personas.

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          Most cited references30

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          EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis

          We have developed a toolbox and graphic user interface, EEGLAB, running under the crossplatform MATLAB environment (The Mathworks, Inc.) for processing collections of single-trial and/or averaged EEG data of any number of channels. Available functions include EEG data, channel and event information importing, data visualization (scrolling, scalp map and dipole model plotting, plus multi-trial ERP-image plots), preprocessing (including artifact rejection, filtering, epoch selection, and averaging), independent component analysis (ICA) and time/frequency decompositions including channel and component cross-coherence supported by bootstrap statistical methods based on data resampling. EEGLAB functions are organized into three layers. Top-layer functions allow users to interact with the data through the graphic interface without needing to use MATLAB syntax. Menu options allow users to tune the behavior of EEGLAB to available memory. Middle-layer functions allow users to customize data processing using command history and interactive 'pop' functions. Experienced MATLAB users can use EEGLAB data structures and stand-alone signal processing functions to write custom and/or batch analysis scripts. Extensive function help and tutorial information are included. A 'plug-in' facility allows easy incorporation of new EEG modules into the main menu. EEGLAB is freely available (http://www.sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/) under the GNU public license for noncommercial use and open source development, together with sample data, user tutorial and extensive documentation.
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            The functional role of the parieto-frontal mirror circuit: interpretations and misinterpretations.

            The parieto-frontal cortical circuit that is active during action observation is the circuit with mirror properties that has been most extensively studied. Yet, there remains controversy on its role in social cognition and its contribution to understanding the actions and intentions of other individuals. Recent studies in monkeys and humans have shed light on what the parieto-frontal cortical circuit encodes and its possible functional relevance for cognition. We conclude that, although there are several mechanisms through which one can understand the behaviour of other individuals, the parieto-frontal mechanism is the only one that allows an individual to understand the action of others 'from the inside' and gives the observer a first-person grasp of the motor goals and intentions of other individuals.
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              Development of the EEG from 5 months to 4 years of age.

              This report provides a systematic longitudinal analysis of the EEG from infancy into early childhood. Particular emphasis is placed on the empirical confirmation of a 6-9 Hz alpha-range frequency band that has previously been used in the infant EEG literature. EEG data in 1-Hz bins from 3 to 12 Hz were analyzed from a longitudinal sample of 29 participants at 5, 10, 14, 24, and 51 months of age. Inspection of power spectra averaged across the whole sample indicated the emergence of a peak in the 6-9 Hz range across multiple scalp regions. Coding of peaks in the power spectra of individual infants showed a clear developmental increase in the frequency of this peak. A rhythm in the 6-9 Hz emerged at central sites that was independent of the classical alpha rhythm at posterior sites. The relative amplitude of this central rhythm peaked in the second year of life, when major changes are occurring in locomotor behavior. The 6-9 Hz band is a useful alpha-range band from the end of the first year of life into early childhood. The findings also complement other research relating the infant central rhythm with the adult sensorimotor mu rhythm.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                ijpr
                International Journal of Psychological Research
                int.j.psychol.res.
                Facultad de Psicología. Universidad de San Buenaventura, Medellín (Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia )
                2011-2084
                October 2013
                : 6
                : spe
                : 22-29
                Affiliations
                [01] Philadelphia orgnameTemple University orgdiv1Department of Psychology United States
                [02] Seattle orgnameUniversity of Washington United States
                Article
                S2011-20842013000300003 S2011-2084(13)00600003
                38373621-f619-4e11-9f4f-4bd79c1ec32a

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 October 2013
                : 10 September 2010
                : 21 October 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Research articles

                Infantes,intersubjectivity,social cognition,mu rhythm,neural mirroring,imitation,EEG,brain,Infant,intersubjetividad,cognición social,ritmo mu,neuronas espejo,imitación,cerebro

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