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      Platelet-Rich Plasma Peptides: Key for Regeneration

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          Abstract

          Platelet-derived Growth Factors (GFs) are biologically active peptides that enhance tissue repair mechanisms such as angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and cellular effects as stem cells recruitment, chemotaxis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is used in a variety of clinical applications, based on the premise that higher GF content should promote better healing. Platelet derivatives represent a promising therapeutic modality, offering opportunities for treatment of wounds, ulcers, soft-tissue injuries, and various other applications in cell therapy. PRP can be combined with cell-based therapies such as adipose-derived stem cells, regenerative cell therapy, and transfer factors therapy. This paper describes the biological background of the platelet-derived substances and their potential use in regenerative medicine.

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          Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia.

          Richard J. Levine, Sharon E. Maynard, Cong Qian … (2004)
          The cause of preeclampsia remains unclear. Limited data suggest that excess circulating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1), which binds placental growth factor (PlGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), may have a pathogenic role. We performed a nested case-control study within the Calcium for Preeclampsia Prevention trial, which involved healthy nulliparous women. Each woman with preeclampsia was matched to one normotensive control. A total of 120 pairs of women were randomly chosen. Serum concentrations of angiogenic factors (total sFlt-1, free PlGF, and free VEGF) were measured throughout pregnancy; there were a total of 655 serum specimens. The data were analyzed cross-sectionally within intervals of gestational age and according to the time before the onset of preeclampsia. During the last two months of pregnancy in the normotensive controls, the level of sFlt-1 increased and the level of PlGF decreased. These changes occurred earlier and were more pronounced in the women in whom preeclampsia later developed. The sFlt-1 level increased beginning approximately five weeks before the onset of preeclampsia. At the onset of clinical disease, the mean serum level in the women with preeclampsia was 4382 pg per milliliter, as compared with 1643 pg per milliliter in controls with fetuses of similar gestational age (P<0.001). The PlGF levels were significantly lower in the women who later had preeclampsia than in the controls beginning at 13 to 16 weeks of gestation (mean, 90 pg per milliliter vs. 142 pg per milliliter, P=0.01), with the greatest difference occurring during the weeks before the onset of preeclampsia, coincident with the increase in the sFlt-1 level. Alterations in the levels of sFlt-1 and free PlGF were greater in women with an earlier onset of preeclampsia and in women in whom preeclampsia was associated with a small-for-gestational-age infant. Increased levels of sFlt-1 and reduced levels of PlGF predict the subsequent development of preeclampsia. Copyright 2004 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Angiogenesis: an organizing principle for drug discovery?

            Judah Folkman (2007)
            Angiogenesis--the process of new blood-vessel growth--has an essential role in development, reproduction and repair. However, pathological angiogenesis occurs not only in tumour formation, but also in a range of non-neoplastic diseases that could be classed together as 'angiogenesis-dependent diseases'. By viewing the process of angiogenesis as an 'organizing principle' in biology, intriguing insights into the molecular mechanisms of seemingly unrelated phenomena might be gained. This has important consequences for the clinical use of angiogenesis inhibitors and for drug discovery, not only for optimizing the treatment of cancer, but possibly also for developing therapeutic approaches for various diseases that are otherwise unrelated to each other.
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              Regulation of wound healing by growth factors and cytokines.

              Sabine Werner, Richard P Grose, Alan Morgan (2003)
              Cutaneous wound healing is a complex process involving blood clotting, inflammation, new tissue formation, and finally tissue remodeling. It is well described at the histological level, but the genes that regulate skin repair have only partially been identified. Many experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated varied, but in most cases beneficial, effects of exogenous growth factors on the healing process. However, the roles played by endogenous growth factors have remained largely unclear. Initial approaches at addressing this question focused on the expression analysis of various growth factors, cytokines, and their receptors in different wound models, with first functional data being obtained by applying neutralizing antibodies to wounds. During the past few years, the availability of genetically modified mice has allowed elucidation of the function of various genes in the healing process, and these studies have shed light onto the role of growth factors, cytokines, and their downstream effectors in wound repair. This review summarizes the results of expression studies that have been performed in rodents, pigs, and humans to localize growth factors and their receptors in skin wounds. Most importantly, we also report on genetic studies addressing the functions of endogenous growth factors in the wound repair process.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Pept
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Pept
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPEP
                Title: International Journal of Peptides
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1687-9767
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-9775
                Publication date (Print): 2012
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 February 2012
                Volume: 2012
                Electronic Location Identifier: 532519
                Affiliations
                1Subsección de Biología Celular y Tisular, Escuela Médico Militar, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea, 11200 México City, MEX, Mexico
                2Sociedad Internacional para la Terapia Celular con Células Madre, Medicina Regenerativa y Antienvejecimiento S.C. (SITECEM), 53840 Naucalpan, MEX, Mexico
                3Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, 94340 Orizaba, VER, Mexico
                4Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas-Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Veracruzana, 91000 Xalapa, VER, Mexico
                5Área de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación, Hospital Central Militar, 11200 México City, MEX, Mexico
                Author notes
                *Dolores Javier Sánchez-González: javiersglez@ 123456yahoo.com

                Academic Editor: Frédéric Ducancel

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2012/532519
                PMC ID: 3303558
                PubMed ID: 22518192
                SO-VID: 38492b81-e7e0-4141-b1e3-35c4ffb1f7d8
                Copyright © Copyright © 2012 Dolores Javier Sánchez-González et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 15 September 2011
                Date revision received : 13 December 2011
                Date accepted : 14 December 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry

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