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      Atheroembolic renal disease as a cause of allograft primary non-function Translated title: Doença ateroembólica como causa de disfunção primária do enxerto renal

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          Abstract

          Atheroembolic renal disease, also referred to as cholesterol crystal embolization, is a rare cause of renal failure, secondary to occlusion of renal arteries, renal arterioles and glomerular capillaries with cholesterol crystals, originating from atheromatous plaques of the aorta and other major arteries. This disease can occur very rarely in kidney allografts in an early or a late clinical form. Renal biopsy seems to be a reliable diagnostic test and cholesterol clefts are the pathognomonic finding. However, the renal biopsy has some limitations as the typical lesion is focal and can be easily missed in a biopsy fragment. The clinical course of these patients varies from complete recovery of the renal function to permanent graft loss. Statins, acetylsalicyclic acid, and corticosteroids have been used to improve the prognosis. We report a case of primary allograft dysfunction caused by an early and massive atheroembolic renal disease. Distinctive histology is presented in several consecutive biopsies. We evaluated all the cases of our Unit and briefly reviewed the literature. Atheroembolic renal disease is a rare cause of allograft primary non -function but may become more prevalent as acceptance of aged donors and recipients for transplantation has become more frequent.

          Translated abstract

          A doença ateroembólica renal, é uma causa rara de falência renal, sendo secundária à oclusão das artérias renais, arteríolas e/ou glomérulos por cristais de colesterol com origem em placas de ateroma da aorta ou outras grandes artérias. Esta doença é, ainda mais raramente, causa de falência de enxerto renal, com manifestações precoces ou tardias. A biópsia renal permite um diagnóstico específico, através da identificação das “fendas de colesterol”, patognomónicas desta patologia. No entanto, a biópsia apresenta limitações já que as lesões são focais e podem estar ausentes no fragmento renal. A evolução clínica varia desde a completa recuperação até a permanente perda de função renal. As estatinas, o ácido acetilsalicílico e os corticóides têm sido utilizados de forma a melhorar o prognóstico. Descrevemos um caso de disfunção primária de enxerto renal causada por extensa doença ateroembólica. As lesões específicas desta patologia são apresentadas, em sucessivas fases de evolução e em diversas biópsias. Reavaliámos os casos da nossa unidade de transplantação e revemos brevemente a literatura. A doença ateroembólica é uma causa rara de disfunção primária do enxerto mas provavelmente tornar-se-á mais prevalente com o aumento da idade dos dadores/receptores aceites para transplantação.

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          Most cited references29

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          Autophagy in atherosclerosis: a potential drug target for plaque stabilization.

          Evidence is accumulating that autophagy occurs in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Although there is an almost relentless discovery of molecules that are involved in autophagy, studies of selective autophagy induction or inhibition using knockout mice are just now beginning to reveal its biological significance. Most likely, autophagy safeguards plaque cells against cellular distress, in particular oxidative injury, by degrading the damaged intracellular material. In this way, autophagy is protective and contributes to cellular recovery in an unfavorable environment. Pharmacological approaches have recently been developed to stabilize vulnerable, rupture-prone lesions through induction of autophagy. This approach has proven to be successful in short-term studies. However, how autophagy induction affects processes such as inflammation remains to be elucidated and is currently under investigation. This review highlights the possibilities for exploiting autophagy as a drug target for plaque stabilization.
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            Atheroembolic renal disease.

            Atheroembolic renal disease develops when atheromatous aortic plaques rupture, releasing cholesterol crystals into the small renal arteries. Embolisation often affects other organs, such as the skin, gastrointestinal system, and brain. Although the disease can develop spontaneously, it usually develops after vascular surgery, catheterisation, or anticoagulation. The systemic nature of atheroembolism makes diagnosis difficult. The classic triad of a precipitating event, acute or subacute renal failure, and skin lesions, are strongly suggestive of the disorder. Eosinophilia further supports the diagnosis, usually confirmed by biopsy of an affected organ or by the fundoscopic finding of cholesterol crystals in the retinal circulation. Renal and patient prognosis are poor. Treatment is mostly preventive, based on avoidance of further precipitating factors, and symptomatic, aimed to the optimum treatment of hypertension and cardiac and renal failure. Statins, which stabilise atherosclerotic plaques, should be offered to all patients. Steroids might have a role in acute or subacute progressive forms with systemic inflammation. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              The challenge of diagnosing atheroembolic renal disease: clinical features and prognostic factors.

              Atheroembolic renal disease (AERD) is caused by showers of cholesterol crystals released by eroded atherosclerotic plaques. Embolization may occur spontaneously or after angiographic/surgical procedures. We sought to determine clinical features and prognostic factors of AERD. Incident cases of AERD were enrolled at multiple sites and followed up from diagnosis until dialysis and death. Diagnosis was based on clinical suspicion, confirmed by histology or ophthalmoscopy for all spontaneous forms and for most iatrogenic cases. Cox regression was used to model time to dialysis and death as a function of baseline characteristics, AERD presentation (acute/subacute versus chronic renal function decline), and extrarenal manifestations. Three hundred fifty-four subjects were followed up for an average of 2 years. They tended to be male (83%) and elderly (60% >70 years) and to have cardiovascular diseases (90%) and abnormal renal function at baseline (83%). AERD occurred spontaneously in 23.5% of the cases. During the study, 116 patients required dialysis, and 102 died. Baseline comorbidities, ie, reduced renal function, presence of diabetes, history of heart failure, acute/subacute presentation, and gastrointestinal tract involvement, were significant predictors of event occurrence. The risk of dialysis and death was 50% lower among those receiving statins. Clinical features of AERD are identifiable. These make diagnosis possible in most cases. Prognosis is influenced by disease type and severity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nep
                Portuguese Journal of Nephrology & Hypertension
                Port J Nephrol Hypert
                Sociedade Portuguesa de Nefrologia (Lisboa )
                0872-0169
                January 2013
                : 27
                : 1
                : 61-67
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Curry Cabral Portugal
                [2 ] Hospital Curry Cabral Portugal
                [3 ] Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal
                Article
                S0872-01692013000100010
                386d0942-caf6-495a-b019-2234e6bb76f1

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0872-0169&lng=en
                Categories
                UROLOGY & NEPHROLOGY

                Urology
                Allograft,atheroembolism,cholesterol,kidney,Ateroembolismo,Colesterol,Enxerto,Rim
                Urology
                Allograft, atheroembolism, cholesterol, kidney, Ateroembolismo, Colesterol, Enxerto, Rim

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