Dry eye symptoms and associated risk factors among adults aged 50 or more years in Central Mexico

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Abstract

Abstract: Objective: To determine the prevalence of dry eye symptoms (DES) and associated risk factors among adults in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional population-based study that included 1 508 individuals aged ≥50 years who answered the Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5), with a score ranging between 0 and 22; the following categories were defined: no DES (<6); mild-moderate DES (6 to 11) and severe DES (≥12). Results: The prevalence of DES was 41.1% (95%CI 38.6-43.6), and was higher in women (OR=2.26, 95%IC 1.70-3.00), in individuals with smoking index of <10 (OR=1.40, 95%CI 1.05-1.87) and ≥10 pack-years (OR=2.29, 95%CI 1.44-3.63), subjects with history of ever consuming alcohol (OR=1.31, 95%CI 1.02-1.70), and those receiving antihypertensive treatment (OR=1.29, 95%CI 1.00-1.65). Conclusion: Dry eye symptoms were highly prevalent in the study population and were associated with sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, and antihypertensive medications.

Translated abstract

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de síntomas de ojo seco y factores de riesgo asociados en población adulta de Tlaxcala, México. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de base poblacional con 1 508 individuos ≥50 años que respondieron el Dry Eye Questionnaire (DEQ-5) y se definieron las siguientes categorías: sin síntomas (<6); síntomas leve-moderado (6 a11) y síntomas severos (≥12). Resultados: La prevalencia de síntomas de ojo seco fue de 41.1% (IC95% 38.6-43.6); fue mayor en mujeres (OR=2.26, IC95% 1.70-3.00), en individuos con índice de tabaquismo <10 (OR=1.40, IC95% 1.05-1.87) y ≥10 paquetes-año (OR=2.29, IC95% 1.44-3.63), en sujetos con historia de consumo de alcohol (OR=1.31, IC95%1.02-1.70) y en aquellos con tratamiento antihipertensivo (OR=1.29, IC95% 1.00-1.65). Conclusión: La frecuencia de síntomas de ojo seco fue altamente prevalente en la población de estudio y se asoció con sexo, tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol y medicamentos antihipertensivos.

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Most cited references 23

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Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women.

Debra Schaumberg, David A. Sullivan, Julie Buring … (2003)

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is believed to be one of the most common ocular problems in the United States (US), particularly among older women. However, there are few studies describing the magnitude of the problem in women and how this may vary with demographic characteristics. Cross-sectional prevalence survey. we surveyed 39,876 US women participating in the Women's Health Study about a history of diagnosed DES and dry eye symptoms. we defined DES as the presence of clinically diagnosed DES or severe symptoms (both dryness and irritation constantly or often). We calculated the age-specific prevalence of DES and adjusted the overall prevalence to the age distribution of women in the US population. We used logistic regression to examine associations between DES and other demographic factors. The prevalence of DES increased with age, from 5.7% among women or = 75 years old. The age-adjusted prevalence of DES was 7.8%, or 3.23 million women aged > or = 50 in the US. Compared with Whites, Hispanic (odds ratio [OR] = 1.81, confidence interval [CI] = 1.18-2.80) and Asian (OR = 1.77, CI = 1.17-2.69) women were more likely to report severe symptoms, but not clinically diagnosed DES. There were no significant differences by income (P([trend]) =.78), but more educated women were less likely to have DES (P([trend]) =.03). Women from the South had the highest prevalence of DES, though the magnitude of geographic differences was modest. Dry eye syndrome leading to a clinical diagnosis or severe symptoms is prevalent, affecting over 3.2 million American women middle-aged and older. Although the condition is more prevalent among older women, it also affects many women in their 40s and 50s. Further research is needed to better understand DES and its impact on public health and quality of life.

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An objective approach to dry eye disease severity.

Allison Porreco, Diane Whitmer, Alan Tomlinson … (2010)

A prospective, multisite clinical study (10 sites in the European Union and the United States) evaluated the clinical utility of commonly used tests and tear osmolarity for assessing dry eye disease severity. Three hundred fourteen consecutive subjects between the ages of 18 and 82 years were recruited from the general patient population, 299 of which qualified with complete datasets. Osmolarity testing, Schirmer test without anesthesia, tear film breakup time (TBUT), corneal staining, meibomian dysfunction assessment, and conjunctival staining were performed bilaterally. A symptom questionnaire, the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), was also administered to each patient. Distributions of clinical signs and symptoms against a continuous composite severity index were evaluated. Osmolarity was found to have the highest correlation coefficient to disease severity (r(2) = 0.55), followed by conjunctival staining (r(2) = 0.47), corneal staining (r(2) = 0.43), OSDI (r(2) = 0.41), meibomian score (r(2) = 0.37), TBUT (r(2) = 0.30), and Schirmer result (r(2) = 0.17). A comparison of standard threshold-based classification with the composite severity index revealed significant overlap between the disease severities of prospectively defined normal and dry eye groups. Fully 63% of the subjects were found to be poorly classified by combinations of clinical thresholds. Tear film osmolarity was found to be the single best marker of disease severity across normal, mild/moderate, and severe categories. Other tests were found to be informative in the more severe forms of disease; thus, clinical judgment remains an important element in the clinical assessment of dry eye severity. The results also indicate that the initiation and progression of dry eye is multifactorial and supports the rationale for redefining severity on the basis of a continuum of clinical signs. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00848198.).

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The epidemiology of dry eye in Melbourne, Australia.

Y Stanislavsky, David P. Livingston, Jack C McCarty … (1998)

To describe the epidemiology of dry eye in the adult population of Melbourne, Australia. A cross-sectional prevalence study. Participants were recruited by a household census from two of nine clusters of the Melbourne Visual Impairment Project, a population-based study of age-related eye disease in the 40 and older age group of Melbourne, Australia. Nine hundred and twenty-six (82.3% of eligible) people participated; 433 (46.8%) were male. They ranged in age from 40 to 97 years, with a mean of 59.2 years. Self-reported symptoms of dry eye were elicited by an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Four objective assessments of dry eye were made: Schirmer's test, tear film breakup time, rose bengal staining, and fluorescein corneal staining. A standardized clinical slit-lamp examination was performed on all participants. Dry eye for the individual signs or symptoms was defined as: rose bengal > 3, Schirmers 1/3 fluorescein staining, and severe symptoms (3 on a scale of 0 to 3). Dry eye was diagnosed as follows: 10.8% by rose bengal, 16.3% by Schirmer's test, 8.6% by tear film breakup time, 1.5% by fluorescein staining, 7.4% with two or more signs, and 5.5% with any severe symptom not attributed to hay fever. Women were more likely to report severe symptoms of dry eye (odds ratio [OR] = 1.85; 95% confidence limits [CL] = 1.01, 3.41). Risk factors for two or more signs of dry eye include age (OR = 1.04; 95% CL = 1.01, 1.06), and self-report of arthritis (OR = 3.27; 95% CL = 1.74, 6.17). These results were not changed after excluding the 21 people (2.27%) who wore contact lenses. These are the first reported population-based data of dry eye in Australia. The prevalence of dry eye varies by sign and symptom.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Enrique O Graue-Hernández: Role: ND

Juan Carlos Serna-Ojeda: Role: ND

Carlos Estrada-Reyes: Role: ND

Alejandro Navas: Role: ND

Jesús Arrieta-Camacho: Role: ND

Aida Jiménez-Corona: Role: ND

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): spm

Title: Salud Pública de México

Abbreviated Title: Salud pública Méx

Publisher: Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico )

ISSN (Print): 0036-3634

Publication date (Print and electronic): October 2018

Volume: 60

Issue: 5

Pages: 520-527

Affiliations

[2] Mexico City orgnameInstituto de Oftalmología Conde de Valenciana orgdiv1Departamento de Segmento Anterior Mexico

[4] Mexico City orgnameSecretaría de Salud orgdiv1Dirección General de Epidemiología Mexico

[3] Mexico City orgnameInstituto de Oftalmología Conde de Valenciana orgdiv1Departamento de Epidemiología Ocular y Salud Visual Mexico

[1] Mexico City orgnameInstituto de Oftalmología Conde de Valenciana orgdiv1Departamento de Córnea y Cirugía Refractiva Mexico

Article

Publisher ID: S0036-36342018000500013

DOI: 10.21149/9024

PubMed ID: 30550113

SO-VID: 38c31ad3-cafa-4e2a-b4ce-23d3cfd48eed

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

History

Date accepted : 27 March 2018

Date received : 14 August 2017

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Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 8

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Dry eye symptoms and associated risk factors among adults aged 50 or more years in Central Mexico Translated title: Síntomas de ojo seco y factores de riesgo asociados en adultos de 50 años y más del Centro de México

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Most cited references 23

Prevalence of dry eye syndrome among US women.

An objective approach to dry eye disease severity.

The epidemiology of dry eye in Melbourne, Australia.

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