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      Impacts of e-health on the outcomes of care in low-and middle-income countries: where do we go from here? Translated title: Impacts de la télésanté sur les résultats sanitaires dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen: quelle direction prendre? Translated title: El impacto de la cibersalud en los resultados de la asistencia en países con ingresos bajos y medios: ¿cómo actuar a partir de ahora?

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          Abstract

          E-health encompasses a diverse set of informatics tools that have been designed to improve public health and health care. Little information is available on the impacts of e-health programmes, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. We therefore conducted a scoping review of the published and non-published literature to identify data on the effects of e-health on health outcomes and costs. The emphasis was on the identification of unanswered questions for future research, particularly on topics relevant to low-and middle-income countries. Although e-health tools supporting clinical practice have growing penetration globally, there is more evidence of benefits for tools that support clinical decisions and laboratory information systems than for those that support picture archiving and communication systems. Community information systems for disease surveillance have been implemented successfully in several low-and middle-income countries. Although information on outcomes is generally lacking, a large project in Brazil has documented notable impacts on health-system efficiency. Meta-analyses and rigorous trials have documented the benefits of text messaging for improving outcomes such as patients' self-care. Automated telephone monitoring and self-care support calls have been shown to improve some outcomes of chronic disease management, such as glycaemia and blood pressure control, in low-and middle-income countries. Although large programmes for e-health implementation and research are being conducted in many low-and middle-income countries, more information on the impacts of e-health on outcomes and costs in these settings is still needed.

          Translated abstract

          La télésanté couvre un ensemble diversifié d'outils informatiques conçus pour améliorer la santé publique et les soins de santé. Peu d'informations sont disponibles sur les impacts des programmes de télésanté, en particulier dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen. Nous avons donc effectué une étude exploratoire de la documentation publiée et non publiée pour identifier les données relatives aux effets de la télésanté sur les résultats et les coûts sanitaires. L'accent a été mis sur l'identification des questions sans réponse pour la recherche future, en particulier sur des sujets pertinents pour les pays à revenu faible et moyen. Bien que la pénétration des outils de télésanté assistant la pratique clinique progresse au niveau mondial, on dispose de plus de preuves des avantages procurés par les outils assistant les décisions cliniques et les systèmes d'information de laboratoire que de ceux assistant l'archivage d'image et les systèmes de communication. La mise en œuvre de systèmes d'information communautaires pour la surveillance des maladies a été réalisée avec succès dans plusieurs pays à revenu faible et moyen. Bien que les informations relatives aux résultats fassent en général défaut, un grand projet au Brésil a exposé de manière documentée les impacts notables sur l'efficacité du système sanitaire. Des méta-analyses et des essais rigoureux ont exposé de manière documentée les avantages de la messagerie texte pour l'amélioration des résultats, comme ceux des soins auto-administrés. Il a été démontré que le suivi téléphonique automatisé et les appels d'assistance aux soins auto-administrés amélioraient certains résultats de la gestion des maladies chroniques, comme le contrôle de la glycémie et de la tension artérielle dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen. Bien que de grands programmes de mise en œuvre et de recherche en termes de télésanté soient menés dans de nombreux pays à revenu faible et moyen, on a besoin de plus d'informations sur les impacts de la télésanté en termes de résultats et de coûts dans ce contexte.

          Translated abstract

          La cibersalud abarca un conjunto diverso de herramientas informáticas diseñadas para mejorar la sanidad pública y la asistencia sanitaria. Se dispone de poca información acerca del impacto de los programas de cibersalud, especialmente, en países con ingresos bajos y medios. Por ello, llevamos a cabo una revisión sistemática exploratoria de la literatura publicada y no publicada para identificar datos sobre los efectos de la cibersalud en los resultados y en los costes sanitarios. Se puso énfasis en la identificación de preguntas no respondidas para futuras investigaciones, en especial, sobre temas relacionados con países de ingresos bajos y medios. Aunque las herramientas de cibersalud que apoyan la práctica clínica se han implementado globalmente y en creciente medida, únicamente hay evidencias sobre los beneficios de las que apoyan los archivos de imágenes y los sistemas de comunicación, pero de las herramientas que apoyan decisiones clínicas y sistemas de información de laboratorio. Los sistemas de información comunitarios para la vigilancia de enfermedades se han implementado satisfactoriamente en diversos países con ingresos bajos y medios. Aunque, por lo general, falta información relativa a los resultados, un proyecto de gran amplitud en Brasil ha documentado impactos notables en el sistema sanitario. Los metanálisis y los ensayos rigurosos han documentado los beneficios de los mensajes de texto en la mejora de resultados tales como la autoasistencia de los pacientes. El control por teléfono automatizado y las llamadas de autoasistencia de apoyo han demostrado que mejoran algunos resultados de gestión de enfermedades crónicas, como el control glucémico y de la presión sanguínea, en países con ingresos bajos y medios. Aunque se han llevado a cabo amplios programas para la implementación e investigación de la cibersalud en muchos países con ingresos bajos y medios, se necesita más información sobre los impactos de la cibersalud y sobre los costes en estos lugares.

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          Most cited references87

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          Use of electronic health records in U.S. hospitals.

          Despite a consensus that the use of health information technology should lead to more efficient, safer, and higher-quality care, there are no reliable estimates of the prevalence of adoption of electronic health records in U.S. hospitals. We surveyed all acute care hospitals that are members of the American Hospital Association for the presence of specific electronic-record functionalities. Using a definition of electronic health records based on expert consensus, we determined the proportion of hospitals that had such systems in their clinical areas. We also examined the relationship of adoption of electronic health records to specific hospital characteristics and factors that were reported to be barriers to or facilitators of adoption. On the basis of responses from 63.1% of hospitals surveyed, only 1.5% of U.S. hospitals have a comprehensive electronic-records system (i.e., present in all clinical units), and an additional 7.6% have a basic system (i.e., present in at least one clinical unit). Computerized provider-order entry for medications has been implemented in only 17% of hospitals. Larger hospitals, those located in urban areas, and teaching hospitals were more likely to have electronic-records systems. Respondents cited capital requirements and high maintenance costs as the primary barriers to implementation, although hospitals with electronic-records systems were less likely to cite these barriers than hospitals without such systems. The very low levels of adoption of electronic health records in U.S. hospitals suggest that policymakers face substantial obstacles to the achievement of health care performance goals that depend on health information technology. A policy strategy focused on financial support, interoperability, and training of technical support staff may be necessary to spur adoption of electronic-records systems in U.S. hospitals. 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society
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            Electronic health records in ambulatory care--a national survey of physicians.

            Electronic health records have the potential to improve the delivery of health care services. However, in the United States, physicians have been slow to adopt such systems. This study assessed physicians' adoption of outpatient electronic health records, their satisfaction with such systems, the perceived effect of the systems on the quality of care, and the perceived barriers to adoption. In late 2007 and early 2008, we conducted a national survey of 2758 physicians, which represented a response rate of 62%. Using a definition for electronic health records that was based on expert consensus, we determined the proportion of physicians who were using such records in an office setting and the relationship between adoption and the characteristics of individual physicians and their practices. Four percent of physicians reported having an extensive, fully functional electronic-records system, and 13% reported having a basic system. In multivariate analyses, primary care physicians and those practicing in large groups, in hospitals or medical centers, and in the western region of the United States were more likely to use electronic health records. Physicians reported positive effects of these systems on several dimensions of quality of care and high levels of satisfaction. Financial barriers were viewed as having the greatest effect on decisions about the adoption of electronic health records. Physicians who use electronic health records believe such systems improve the quality of care and are generally satisfied with the systems. However, as of early 2008, electronic systems had been adopted by only a small minority of U.S. physicians, who may differ from later adopters of these systems. 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society
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              Effects of clinical decision-support systems on practitioner performance and patient outcomes: a synthesis of high-quality systematic review findings.

              To synthesize the literature on clinical decision-support systems' (CDSS) impact on healthcare practitioner performance and patient outcomes. Literature search on Medline, Embase, Inspec, Cinahl, Cochrane/Dare and analysis of high-quality systematic reviews (SRs) on CDSS in hospital settings. Two-stage inclusion procedure: (1) selection of publications on predefined inclusion criteria; (2) independent methodological assessment of preincluded SRs by the 11-item measurement tool, AMSTAR. Inclusion of SRs with AMSTAR score 9 or above. SRs were thereafter rated on level of evidence. Each stage was performed by two independent reviewers. 17 out of 35 preincluded SRs were of high methodological quality and further analyzed. Evidence that CDSS significantly impacted practitioner performance was found in 52 out of 91 unique studies of the 16 SRs examining this effect (57%). Only 25 out of 82 unique studies of the 16 SRs reported evidence that CDSS positively impacted patient outcomes (30%). Few studies have found any benefits on patient outcomes, though many of these have been too small in sample size or too short in time to reveal clinically important effects. There is significant evidence that CDSS can positively impact healthcare providers' performance with drug ordering and preventive care reminder systems as most clear examples. These outcomes may be explained by the fact that these types of CDSS require a minimum of patient data that are largely available before the advice is (to be) generated: at the time clinicians make the decisions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                May 2012
                : 90
                : 5
                : 365-372
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Health Services Research and Development Center of Excellence USA
                [2 ] National University of Singapore Singapore
                [3 ] Assis Moura eHealth Brazil
                [4 ] Harvard University USA
                [5 ] Columbia University USA
                [6 ] University of Warwick Argentina
                Article
                S0042-96862012000500012
                10.2471/BLT.11.099069
                3341688
                22589570
                38d67fae-26ff-45ae-b2d9-2094acc85a68

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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