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      The value of percutaneous transhepatic treatment of biliary strictures following pediatric liver transplantation Translated title: O valor do tratamento das estenoses biliares por via transparietal pós-transplante hepático pediátrico

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To evaluate the percutaneous transhepatic approach to the treatment of biliary strictures in pediatric patients undergoing liver transplantation.

          Materials and Methods

          This was a retrospective study of data obtained from the medical records, laboratory reports, and imaging examination reports of pediatric liver transplant recipients who underwent percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, because of clinical suspicion of biliary strictures, between 1st September 2012 and 31 May 2015. Data were collected for 12 patients, 7 of whom were found to have biliary strictures.

          Results

          In the 7 patients with biliary strictures, a total of 21 procedures were carried out: 2 patients (28.6%) underwent the procedure twice; 3 (42.8%) underwent the procedure three times; and 2 (28.6%) underwent the procedure four times. Therefore, the mean number of procedures per patient was 3 (range, 2–4), and the average interval between them was 2.9 months (range, 0.8–9.1 months). The drainage tube remained in place for a mean of 5.8 months (range, 3.1–12.6 months). One patient presented with a major complication, hemobilia, which was treated with endovascular embolization. Clinical success was achieved in all 7 patients, and the mean follow-up after drain removal was 15.4 months (range, 5.3–26.7 months).

          Conclusion

          The percutaneous transhepatic approach to treating biliary strictures in pediatric liver transplant recipients proved safe, with high rates of technical and clinical success, as well as a low rate of complications.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo

          Demonstrar o valor da abordagem transparieto-hepática no tratamento de estenoses biliares em pacientes pediátricos submetidos a transplante de fígado.

          Materiais e Métodos

          Estudo retrospectivo com revisão de prontuários, exames laboratoriais e de imagem dos pacientes pediá­tricos submetidos a transplante hepático. Foram incluídos pacientes com suspeita de estenose de vias biliares que realizaram colangiografia transparieto-hepática para diagnóstico, entre 1º de setembro de 2012 e 31 maio de 2015. Os dados de 12 pacientes foram coletados, dos quais 7 apresentaram estenose de vias biliares.

          Resultados

          No total foram realizados 21 procedimentos: 2 pacientes realizaram dois procedimentos (28,6%), 3 pacientes realizaram três procedimentos (42,8%) e 2 pacientes realizaram quatro procedimentos (28,6%). A média de procedimentos por paciente foi 3 (variação: 2–4) e o intervalo médio entre os procedimentos foi 2,9 meses (variação: 0,8–9,1 meses). A permanência média do dreno foi 5,8 meses (variação: 3,1–12,6 meses). Uma paciente apresentou hemobilia com instabilidade hemodinâmica, tratada com sucesso por via endovascular. O sucesso clínico foi alcançado nos 7 pacientes e o seguimento médio após retirada do dreno foi 15,4 meses (variação: 5,3–26,7 meses).

          Conclusão

          A abordagem transparieto-hepática das estenoses biliares em crianças submetidas a transplante de fígado demonstrou ser tratamento eficaz, com baixo índice de complicações.

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          Most cited references19

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          Biliary complications after liver transplantation: old problems and new challenges.

          Due to a vulnerable blood supply of the bile ducts, biliary complications are a major source of morbidity after liver transplantation (LT). Manifestation is either seen at the anastomotic region or at multiple locations of the donor biliary system, termed as nonanastomotic biliary strictures. Major risk factors include old donor age, marginal grafts and prolonged ischemia time. Moreover, partial LT or living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and donation after cardiac death (DCD) bear a markedly higher risk of biliary complications. Especially accumulation of several risk factors is critical and should be avoided. Prophylaxis is still a major issue; however no gold standard is established so far, since many risk factors cannot be influenced directly. The diagnostic workup is mostly started with noninvasive imaging studies namely MRI and MRCP, but direct cholangiography still remains the gold standard. Especially nonanastomotic strictures require a multidisciplinary treatment approach. The primary management of anastomotic strictures is mainly interventional. However, surgical revision is finally indicated in a significant number of cases. Using adequate treatment algorithms, a very high success rate can be achieved in anastomotic complications, but in nonanastomotic strictures a relevant number of graft failures are still inevitable.
            • Record: found
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            Quality improvement guidelines for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, biliary drainage, and percutaneous cholecystostomy.

              • Record: found
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              History of pediatric liver transplantation. Where are we coming from? Where do we stand?

              J-B Otte (2002)
              The history of pediatric liver transplantation cannot be dissociated from one man, Thomas E. Starzl, whose pioneer efforts contributed more than anyone else to what has become a routinely successful clinical procedure. During the pre-cyclosporine era, the pediatric experience was confined nearly exclusively in Denver: first attempt in 1963, first success with survival beyond one year in 1967, cumulative experience with 84 pediatric cases in the pre-cyclosporine era (1967-1979) with a 2-year patient survival rate of 30%. The stampede for the development of other liver transplant centers came with the introduction of cyclosporine in the early eighties. Besides Pittsburgh, seven centers (Brussels, Cambridge and Hanover in Europe; Boston, Dallas, UCLA, Minneapolis in USA) had performed up to 1986 at least 20 pediatric liver transplants each with a long-term (>1 year) patient survival rate ranging between 57% and 83%. At the moment, a long-term patient survival rate in excess of 90% in elective patients -including infants - is commonly obtained in experienced centers. The shortage of size matched liver donors which was responsible for a high death rate on the cadaveric waiting list stimulated the development or technical innovations based on the segmental anatomy of the liver: reduced ('cutdown') liver graft, split graft and living liver transplantation. Challenging technical aspects in the recipient have been solved in order to reduce the incidence of surgical complications like outflow obstruction, arterial and portal thrombosis, and biliary problems. The indications of liver transplantation have been refined; regarding biliary atresia, which is the most frequent indication, a consensus has developed to propose a sequential strategy with a single attempt at hepatoportoenterostomy followed, when it fails, by liver transplantation. Some contra-indications accepted in the past are not currently valid with better understanding of the pathophysiology and/or increased clinical experience; such is the case of the hepatopulmonary syndrome. A major progress in preoperative management has been achieved through a multidisciplinary approach, particularly regarding nutrition and control of portal hypertension-related bleeding and ascites. Perioperatively, liver transplantation has derived benefit from the expertise of anesthetists managing babies with serious conditions and increased experience of the transplant surgeons regarding the knowledge of all the technical modalities, good strategy, technical skills and meticulous control of bleeding. It is well-recognized that children require more immunosuppression than adults. As in adults, the first breakthrough came with the introduction of cyclosporine which more than doubled the one-year patient survival rate. The next advance during the last decade was afforded by FK 506 - Tacrolimus which allows steroid withdrawal with the first year post-transplant in most patients. Besides its efficacy in reducing the incidence of rejection and absence of cosmetic side-effects, the steroid-sparing effect of Tacrolimus is of utmost importance to preserve the growth potential of children. The use of OKT-3 both for induction and treatment of rejection has been abandoned nearly universally because its use, cumulated with other immunosuppressants, resulted in a high incidence of lymphoproliferative disorder. In contrast, anti-IL2-receptor monoclonal antibodies, will most likely gain an increasing place in induction, with the availability of chimeric or humanized preparations. The side-effects of immunosuppression can endanger both the quality of life and the life expectancy; they are a special source of concern in pediatric recipients whose survival can be expected to be more than a few decades. Children would benefit most from the development of a marker able to identify the patients who have developed graft acceptance, allowing complete wearing of immunosuppression. Also they would benefit most from research protocols of tolerance induction. Since the vast majority of liver-transplanted children will have a reasonably normal life expectancy, the focus should be switched to their long-term rehabilitation and the assessment of their quality of life when they reach adulthood.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Radiol Bras
                Radiol Bras
                rb
                Radiologia Brasileira
                Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem
                0100-3984
                1678-7099
                Sep-Oct 2017
                Sep-Oct 2017
                : 50
                : 5
                : 308-313
                Affiliations
                [1 ] MD, Interventional Radiologist, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
                [2 ] PhD, Interventional Radiologist, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
                [3 ] MD, Surgeon, Department of Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
                [4 ] PhD, Professor, Department of Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
                [5 ] PhD, Professor, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM-Unifesp), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
                Author notes
                Mailing address: Dr. Leandro Cardarelli-Leite. Departamento de Diagnóstico por Imagem – EPM-Unifesp. Rua Napoleão de Barros, 800, Vila Clementino. São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 04024-002. E-mail: leandrocleite@ 123456gmail.com .
                Article
                10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0087
                5656071
                29085164
                38e5f459-9209-4b68-a789-51416ec926d3
                © Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 21 May 2016
                : 22 August 2016
                Categories
                Original Articles

                liver transplantation,biliary atresia,constriction, pathologic/therapy,cholangiography,drainage,transplante de fígado,atresia de vias biliares,constrição patológica/terapia,colangiografia,drenagem

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