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      The effect of adding ferrous sulfate to methylphenidate on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children

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          Abstract

          Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders in children with several complications. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding ferrous sulfate to methylphenidate in decreasing ADHD symptoms. This study was a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. In this study, 42 nonanemic children with ADHD and serum ferritin below 30 mg/ml were enrolled according to convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups of 21 each, cases and controls. The two groups were matched for age and sex. The case group was administered with ferrous sulfate 5 mg/kg in addition to methylphenidate up to 1 mg/kg and the control group with methylphenidate alone. The scores on child symptoms inventory-4 (CSI-4) were recorded at baseline and after 2 months of treatment. Data were analyzed by t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and repeated measures ANOVA in SPSS 16. The scores on CSI-4 decreased significantly at month 2 in both groups ( P < 0.001). The scores on attention deficit and hyperactivity subscales of the CSI-4 were significantly lower in the case group than the control group ( P < 0.05). The total score on CSI-4 decreased more markedly in the case group ( P < 0.04). Use of ferrous sulfate plus methylphenidate can be effective in reducing ADHD symptoms in nonanemic children with low serum ferritin.

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          Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

          Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a disorder of inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity that affects 8-12% of children worldwide. Although the rate of ADHD falls with age, at least half of children with the disorder will have impairing symptoms in adulthood. Twin, adoption, and molecular genetic studies show ADHD to be highly heritable, and other findings have recorded obstetric complications and psychosocial adversity as predisposing risk factors. Converging evidence from animal and human studies implicates the dysregulation of frontal-subcortical-cerebellar catecholaminergic circuits in the pathophysiology of ADHD, and molecular imaging studies suggest that abnormalities of the dopamine transporter lead to impaired neurotransmission. Studies during the past decade have shown the safety and effectiveness of new non-stimulant drugs and long-acting formulations of methylphenidate and amfetamine. Other investigations have also clarified the appropriate role of targeted psychosocial treatments in the context of ongoing pharmacotherapy.
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            The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review.

            This article describes a comprehensive meta-analysis that was conducted to estimate the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). A systematic literature review identified 86 studies of children and adolescents (N = 163,688 individuals) and 11 studies of adults (N = 14,112 individuals) that met inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis, more than half of which were published after the only previous meta-analysis of the prevalence of ADHD was completed. Although prevalence estimates reported by individual studies varied widely, pooled results suggest that the prevalence of DSM-IV ADHD is similar, whether ADHD is defined by parent ratings, teacher ratings, or a best estimate diagnostic procedure in children and adolescents (5.9-7.1 %), or by self-report measures in young adults (5.0 %). Analyses of diagnostic subtypes indicated that the predominantly inattentive type is the most common subtype in the population, but individuals with the combined type are more likely to be referred for clinical services. Additional research is needed to determine the etiology of the higher prevalence of ADHD in males than females and to clarify whether the prevalence of ADHD varies as a function of socioeconomic status or ethnicity. Finally, there were no significant prevalent differences between countries or regions of the world after controlling for differences in the diagnostic algorithms used to define ADHD. These results provide important support for the diagnostic validity of ADHD, and argue against the hypothesis that ADHD is a cultural construct that is restricted to the United States or any other specific culture.
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              Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes.

              Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is defined by extreme levels of inattention-disorganization and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. In DSM-IV, the diagnostic criteria required impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning. With DSM-5 publication imminent in 2013, further evaluation of impairment in ADHD is timely. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on health-related impairments of ADHD, including smoking, drug abuse, accidental injury, sleep, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and suicidal behavior. It concludes by suggesting the need for new avenues of research on mechanisms of association and the potential for ADHD to be an early warning sign for secondary prevention of some poor health outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Adv Pharm Technol Res
                J Adv Pharm Technol Res
                JAPTR
                Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research
                Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                2231-4040
                0976-2094
                Oct-Dec 2017
                : 8
                : 4
                : 138-142
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Pediatrics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
                [1 ]Clinical Research Development Unit, Hajar Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
                [2 ]Department of Psychiatry, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
                [3 ]Department of Pediatrics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Parvin Safavi, Department of Psychiatry, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. E-mail: safavi_p@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                JAPTR-8-138
                10.4103/japtr.JAPTR_45_17
                5680621
                29184845
                390eb31f-1538-4a86-bb48-b16afccdda08
                Copyright: © 2017 Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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                Categories
                Original Article

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,ferrous sulfate,methylphenidate

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